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Including Sketches and Drawings Made oh the Battle Fields

PHOTOGRAPHS BY
THE OFFICIAL
PHOTOGRAPHERS

accompanying

EACH ARMY

CO tLE CTE D AN D
ARRANGED BY
FRANCIS Jf. REYNOLDS
AND C. W. TAYLOR

PUBLISHERS

P. F. COLLIER & SON

NEW YORK

List of

PAGE

Nicholas II, former Emperor of Eussia 5

George V.. King of Great Britain and Ireland and Emperor of India . a

M. Raymond Poincare, President of France a

Wilhelm II, German Emperor and King of Prussia 6

Mohammed V, Sultan of Turkey G

Eranz Josef I, late Em])eror of Austria and King of Hungary . . G

Bernardino Machado, President of Portugal 7

Peter I, King of Serbia 7

Albert I, King of Pclgiiiin . . . . 7

Yoshibito Ilarunomiya, Emperor of Japan 7

Nicholas I, King of Montenegro 7

Karl i. Emperor of Austria and King of Tlungary 8

The Archduke Franz Ferdinand with the Kaiser 8

Vittorio Emanuele III, King of Italj 8

Constantine I, King of Greece 8

Prince Lvoff, new Premier of Russia 8

Prince Alexander, Serbian Heir-Apparent -8

Ferdinand, King of Bulgaria . . . ' ... 9

Marshal Johre 9

Aristide Briand 9

Ferdinand T, King of Rumania 0

James Watson Gerard, former U. S. Ambassador to Germany . . 9

Confident Loaders of the Allies 9

Eleuthcrios Venizelos 9

General Gallieni 10

Right Hon. 11. H. Asquith 10

Baron von Betlimann-llollweg 10

General Nivelle 10

Grand Admiral von Tirpitz 10

Admiral von Pliscott 10

Count Okinna 10

Enver Bey 10

Grand Duke Nicholas 10

General von Beseler 10

Viscount French of Ypres 11

General von Heeringen 11

Field Marshal von Hindenburg 11

Rene Viviani 11

M. SazonoF 11

Sir Edward Grey ] I

Nikola Pachitch . * 11

General Rennenkainpf 11

General Leman 11

General von Hoetzendorf 11

Crown I^rince of Greece 12

Signor Salandra 12

Gottlieb von Jagow 12

Crown Prince of Germany 12

Archduke Friedrich 12

Baron Burian 12

David Lloyd-George 12

Von Hindenburg and Von Ludendorff 12

Admiral Jellicoe IS

General Kamio 13

General von Kluck 1.3

General Retain 13

General von der Goltz 13

Admiral Beatty 13

General Smith-Dorrien 13

Earl Kitchener, Lloyd-George, and General Roque 13

Lieutenant von Weddigeu 13

Admiral Sturdee

General Foch

M. RadoslavoF . - 14

Illustrations—Photographs and

PAGE

Admiral Jackson 14

General Erich von Falkcnhayn 14

General Paul Pau 14

General Mackensen 14

General vSarrail 14

Krupp Gun Works at Essen 14

Prince Leopold 14

Admiral de Robeck 14

General BrusiloF 15

Alexandre Ribot 15

General Cadorna 15

General Castelnau 15

General Haig 15

Genei’al Robertson 15

Admiral Corsi 15

Count Tisza 15

French Munitions Works at Creusot 15

General Putnik 15

Woodrow Wilson, l^resident of the United States Ih'

Mario C. Menocal, President of Cuba lb

Ramon M. Valdes, President of Panama lb

Wenceslao Braz, President of Brazil lb

j\r. Rodzianko, Head of Provisional Russian Government .... lb

Newton D. Baker, IT. S. Secrctai-y of War 17

Capitol at Washington 17

Ja=;ephus Daniels, U. vS. Secretary of the Navy 17

(Jeneral Hugh Scott, U. S. Chief of StaF 17

President Wilson Delivering His War Message 17

Admiral Benson, Chief of Naval Operations 17

Refugees Fleeing to Brussels 18

Ruins of Louvain 19

Artillery with Russia’s Great Army of Invasion 29

Canadian Troops Embarking 20

Canadian vSoldiei's from tiic Valearticr Training Camp .... 20

Night Rattle in Mulliausen 21

Rheims Cathedral After Repeated Bomhardments 22

(ireat Arches at Notre Dame 23

Ruined Church at Dixmude 23

German Army Balloon Leaving Its Hangar 24

Aeroplane Machine. Gun 24

Aeroplane Ready for Flight . 24

Taking tiie Sky Pilot Aboard 25

Cloth IliBl, Hotel de Ville and Cathedral of Ypres 26

“Kvery Man for Himself” 27

Famous German Suhmarine U-.9 2S

t^rliarn/iorst, German Cruiser 28

Australian Battleslii]) 28

OtK'isr'ncfu, German Cruiser 28

Emdeiij German Cruiser 29

Gormans Refortifying Antwerp . 30

Wreckage of a Fort at Brussels 30

Gun Destroyed at Bismarck Fort 30

nomliardment of Tsing-Tau 31

German Watch on the Yser . . 31

Twilight in the Low Countries 31

Taking Observations from a Submarine 32

Emdon Aground 32

Wreck of the Kaiser Wilhelm der Cxrosse 32

INar Admiral Cradock 33

Rescuing Sailors After the Battle 33

Rear iVdiniral von Spec 33

Sinking of the German Cruiser Blueher 33

Brithh Hvdro])laue Alighting on the Water 34

German Submarine, U-lli. 34

Drawings

Loading Torpedoes into a French Submarine

Australian Submarine

Submarine’s Operating Meehauism

Submarine Torpedo Tubes

Periscope of Submerged Submarine ....

Aboard a French Submarine

Interior of a Submarine

Explosion of a Mined Trench

Hillside Trench in Galicia

German Battery in the Snows of Poland .

Winter in Flanders

After a Snowstorm in France . . . . ^ .

Observation Shelter Near Memel

Machine-Gun Crew

Moving a German Gun

Observation Post

French Infantry in a Bayonet Charge ....

Moving a Frencli Gun

Austrian Field Artillery in Russia

Telescoping Searchlight

Balloon Ascension

Raising a Balloon from an Italian Warship

New French Dirigible

Observation Balloon

Fleeing the Russian Invasion

Refugees in Serbia

Story of Reprisals

Peasant’s Shelter in East Prussia

Barricade Among Ruins

Serbian Prisoners of War

Seareliing the Ashes

DiFicult Home-Coming

French and English Elect Near the Dardanelles

Intrenching Tlirough Cellar Walls

German Riflemen in Russian Poland ....

San Giorgio, Italian Cruiser

Queen Elizabeth at the Dardanelles

Landing Troops at the Dardanelles

New War Paint of the British Fleet ....
German Far Eastern Squadron in Kiau-Chau Bay

Ghastly Work of a Single Shell

In the Forest of Mesnel After the Eight

Rescuing a Submarine’s Victims

Dead in Heaps at Belgrade

Types of Zeppelin Bombs

Ammunition Train Destroyed by Shells

Town Swept by Russians

Royal Palace at Mahno, Sweden

Gurkhas Defending the Suez Canal

Russian Prisoners at Augustowo. Poland .

Wreckage from an Air Raid

Dead in Champagne, France

Battle Ground m Galicia

Trench Periscope Used by French Soldiers
Defending the Masurian Lake Country, East Prussi
Belgian Soldiers Re-formiaig for a Fresh Attack .

Reading the Death List

Cri]‘)pled Workman

Thriving War Industry

Soldiers Who Died from Typhus

Carting the Dead oF the Field

Charge by French African Chasseurs ....

Firing Over Their Own Dead

An Execution

William P, Frye

Fi'onch Battlosbip Bouret

American Oil Ship GulfiigJit

Bridge on the Kalesch- Warsaw Bine

Falaha’s Lifeboats

Lusitania Leaving' Her Pier in New York

Torpedo Not on an Austrian Battleship

American Submarines for England

On Guard for the Allies

Serving a Gun on an Armored Train

Geiman First-Aid Station in Poland

German Biplane

Speedy French Monoplane

E.xchange of Crippled Prisoners at Tornea, Sweden

Italian Monoplane

American Scout Aeroplane

Orderly Eussiau Ketreat from Warsaw

Mine Explosion

Tractor for Transporting Briti.sh Guns

German Naval kline

Russian Armored Oar in Poland

Italian Searehlig'ht

Raiage Finder or IVlcmeter

Ilurliiig a Hand Grenade from a 'rrcneh

Collapsible Bicycle

Captured Russian Cannon

Benzine Locomotive for Railroad or Road

Soldiers Killed in a Barbed-Wire Entanglement

Heroes of the Russian Rear Guard ‘

After a House-to-Honse Battle in Champagne

Gemian Transport Column Passing- Through a Town Destroyed by Fire

French Army in Review

French Artillery in the Battle of Champagne

British Lookout in the East '

Ruined Fort at the Dardanelles

British Artillery at Gallipoli

English Soldiers with Machine Gun

i.ancashire Landing and Harbor at the Dardanelles .....

Lifting a Wounded French Sailor

Lowering a Wounded Austrian Soldier

Russian Refugees on the Wa.y Home

Wounded Prisoner Aided by a French Officer

German Military Supplies at Belgrade

Work of an Austrian Siege Gun

An Observer’s Station

Undermining the Enemy

Collecting Waste Metal for Military Uses

Barrier of Spikes

F Orest Entanglement

Preparing Barbed-Wire Coils

Spoils of AVar from Captured Trenches

Gutting Barbed-Wire -Entanglements

Armenian Refugees

Australian Troops Passing Through Sydney, Australia ....

Large Italian Mortar

Italian Battery in a Protected Position

Italian Artillerymen Pulling a Gun to a Vantage Point ....

Bursting Shell — The Photographer’s Last Picture

Zeppielin Over London at Night

Italian Batteries at Nightfall

P-.VOIt

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P.\GE

German Antiaircraft Guns Mounted on Turntaljlcs 78

Turkish Camps at Gallipoli 79

British South African Troipis ni Gei-man East .'\frica 79

British Infantry Awaiting Commands 79

French Colonial Troojis at iMudros 79

.-\ustrian Outposts in the Tyrol SO

Curtiss Flying Boat 81

Effects of (lases Used in War 81

ilovable Telephone 81

Trees at TTurlus Forest 83

Large German Gun in Action 82

Bulgarian Convoy Near the Boi'der of Serbia S3

Glimpse of Uskub. Serbia S3

New Austrian Trench Made Under Heavy Fire 84

Retreat of the Serbian Army S4

Serbian Advance in tlie Face of Shell Fire 84

Refugees Fleeing to Greece by Train 85

Xcw British Monitor 86

Torpedo Striking a British Steamer 86

Guns of the Canopus in Action 86

Transporting English Troops at Suvla Bay 86

Coast Scarchliglit 87

Durazzo on the All)anian Coa.st 87

French Submarines at Mudros 87

Suliinarine Chasers for Russia 87

Graves at Gallipoli 88

Broken Hills of the Gallipoli Peninsula 88

Italian Liner Ancona Leaving Now York 88

Fnemnpment of Turkish and Arabian Camel Riders SO

Turki.sh M ilitary Hospital in Jerusalem 89

Ited-Cre.sccnt Camp in the Desert 89

British Cycle Corps Near the Greek Border 90

Italian Signalman 91

New Gas Masks Tested by a Volunteer Squad 91

kline La.ving Under the Enemy’s Lines 93

British Troops Landing at Salonica 92

Briti.sh Vessels on the Tigris 93

ILinter Uniforms on the Austrian Frontier 93

Storing E.xplosives in a Cave Near the Aisne 94

British Soldiers on the Nile 95

German vShelter Trench in Central Africa 95

Austrian Mountain Corps 95

Austrian Siege Gun in Serbia 96

Victors in a Fight on Lake Tanganyika, Africa 97

British Soldiers Sent to Relieve Kut-el-Aniai'a 98

View of Bagdad from the Left Bank of the Tigris 99

Turkish Flags Captured at Erzerum 99

Turkish Gun Captured by British Indians 99

Reenforeements and Supplies for the French Trooiis Near Verdun . 100

French Military Kitchen Near the Battle Front 101

Zeppelin Shot Down in France 102

Zeppelin L-15 Sinking Near the English Coast 102

Sussex Beached at Boulogne 102

Air Battle Between a German and a French Bi])lanc 103

German Observers in the Argonne 104

Trenches Captured from the French Near Verdun 104

Gunners Who Have Sig'hted Hostile Aircrai't 105

’Trenches and Artillery Around Trebizond 105

Boyau, or Connecting Trench 105

German Troops Storming Ft. Vaux 106

Rescuing the Crew of a Merchantman

Grave Somewhere in France

Great Shell Striking a House in Verdun

Panorama of Lemberg

Queen Mary, British Battle Cruiser

Pommern, Gei'inau Battleship

Shells Bursting on German Positions Near the Somme .

Marlborough, British Battleship

Hampshire, British Cruiser

Meuse Heights Under Bombardment

-Destruction of a Forest by Shell Fire

French Guns Passing on a Road in the Verdun Battle Field
Italian Gun on a Mountain Top ........

Field Priest and a Wounded Soldier

Church Field Hospital

Village of Vaux After Bombardment

French Pontoon Bridges Across the Meuse

City of Verdun from the Canal

JJeuischland, Submarine Merchantman

Zeppelin Bombs and a Zeppelin’s Framework ....
Advancing the 75’s in the Battle of the Somme ....

British Tank, Disabled

Cloud of Liquid Fire

Entering a Curtain of Fire

Service on the Second Anniversary of the Marne

Church of Sailly, November, 1916

Soldiers’ Memorial on All Saints’ Day

Dragoons Greeted by an Old Soldier

French Gun and klechanism for Firing

Russian Troops Entering the Carpathians

View of Thiepval from a Captured Trench

.A-Ustrian Shell Bursting on Italian Trench

Alachine Gun Goiqrs Near MIonastir

-Armored Cars on the Indian Frontier

Serbians After the Battle of Kaiinaitchalan ....

Russians Entrenclied in Galicia

Deutschland at Bremerhaven

F-BS at Newport

Italians Crossing a Stream LLicler Fire

Russian Officers and Peasants

New French Submarine, Diane

Britannic, Sunk in the klediterranean

Canadians with a Trench Periscope

Bomb Bursting on a British Trench

Burning Oil Wells in the Dobrudja

Hoisting a Shell for a Great Gun

Wounded Soldier in the Atosges

First Aid to Russian Wounded

Danube Bridge at Czernavoda

Guns of a Captured Russian Fort

Australian Artillery on the Somme

Trenches of Combles, Captured by the French ....

Canadians with Mobile Guns

Atoting on the Battle Front

Collecting Kit After Battle

Canadian Soldiers with Shells for the Big Guns ....

Submarine Chaser

Flotilla of U. S. Destroyers

U. S. Battleship Fleet

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Foreword

T he war of the nations, the most stupendous struggle the
world has ever witnessed, now involves every continent and all
the Great Powers on the Globe.

On June 28, 1914, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir-presump-
tive to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was killed at Sarajevo, Bosnia.
Austria believed the murder was plotted in Serbia, and sent that
country an ultimatum on July 23, followed by a declaration of war
on July 28. Russia protested and mobilized her forces. Germany
declared war on Russia August 1 and on France August 3, on which
day she invaded Belgium. England joined with France and Russia
August 4.

Of the other European countries, Belgium was forced into the war
to defend her neutrality; Montenegro threw in her lot with Serbia from
the beginning; Italy, Japan, Portugal, and finally Rumania joined the
Allies, while 'Purkey and Bulgaria took the side of Germany and Austria.

The independent and peace-loving countries of the New World
endeavored to maintain an impartial neutrality, but their rights as
neutrals were constantly disregarded. In her submarine warfare,
Germany attacked liners and neutral merehant ships, contrary to
all precedents of civilized warfare. February 1, 1917, Germany
announced a renewal of submarine warfare against all vessels
approaching the British coast, regardless of character or nationality.
The United States immediately severed diplomatic relations with
Germany, on February 3, 1917, and on April 6, Congress declared a
state of war existing between the two countries. On April 7, the
republics of Cuba and Panama aligned themselves with the United
States in war on Germany. The sinking of a Brazilian vessel on the
same day led that Great South American republic to sever diplomatic
relations with Germany on April 10. China had already done this
on March 14. Thus countries not affected by the particular rivalries
of Europe were drawn into the war.

This great European Wax has introduced new and more deadly
instruments of destruction, and has relegated to the background and
the scrap heap many hitherto accepted tactics and weapons. The
most effective of these new arms has been the submarine. Gunboats,
cruisers, even superdreadnoughts, have proven unable to withstand
its onslaughts. x\eroplanes and airships have also definitely taken
their permanent place as most effective arms of war. The former
have literally been the eyes of the armies, and by their aid not only
detection of the enemy’s position is made possible, but range and
direction of great gunfire is checked, corrected, and in part con-
ducted. Airships have struek terror to many a besieged city as well
as those outside of the zone of fighting. Side by side with the hand

grenades and the bayonets of earlier days, men use such terrible
modern devices as clouds of poisonous gas or discharges of liquid
fire. The automobile brings supplies with all speed even when
railroad lines are destroyed, draws the heavy guns, and is one of
the most effective agents of this war. Armored automobiles have
supplied each army with “flying squadrons”; motorcycles have proven
most efficient for dispatch bearers; “tanks,” with their caterpillar trucks
batter down obstructions and cross trenches. Siege guns of unprece-
dented caliber have been one of the great surprises of the war. Forts
and bastions, once considered impregnable, have become shell-like
china before these modern monster can non. At sea, victory seems to be
with the guns of longest range when aided by speed or heavy armor.

Trenches have proven the only temporary safe shelter from rifle
and quick-fire guns, and the modern army’s advance is not unlike
that of moles burrowing through the ground. Gone forever is the
^'gay panoply of war” with cheering hosts charging in scarlet coats
to bugle notes. Even the correspondents at the front are eliminated
— no more do their dispatches vividly detail the maddening battle
scenes. The very romance of war is gone and in its place remains a
cold, practical, mathematical war game worked out with as much
sentiment and bubbling enthusiasm as is exhibited in games of chess
or in solving problems of higher mathematics. Photographs alone now
tell the story of each day’s conflicts, but these record with fatelike
accuracy the progress of the war.

The great historic value of the “Collier’s Photographic History of
the European War” arises from the fact that every army and warring
nation is depicted. Here are shown the German, Austrian, British,
F rench, Belgian, Russian, Serbian, Italian, T urkish, Bulgarian, Japanese,
in fact, all armies in the field, seen as they are in their daily life and strife.
Here, too, are the pathetic dramas of the ruined cities, villages, cathe-
drals, and palaces of Belgium and northern France, and the flight of
refugees in all the lands ravaged by war. War on land is portrayed
as never before, since never in the history of the world has there been
such vast and varied material to di’aw upon. Equally complete are
here shown the instruments of the twentieth century’s new phases of
war —war waged in the air — war waged not only at sea, but beneath
the waves.

Thus this Great War has been pictured wherever it extended —
in Asia and Afriea, the South Seas, in Europe, and in America. What
the end shall be cannot be foretold — whether nation shall fight nation
to a standstill without decisive results, or whether colonies and trade
routes shall change owners, and dynasties and great governments go
down to destruction and oblivion. F. J. Reynolds.

Rulers of Great Britain, Russia and France, the three countries forming
the Triple Entente. For hundreds of years England and Erance were the
great European rivals. In the nineteenth century, Russia became the
most dreaded enemy of Great Britain. The consolidation of the Germanic
states brought a keener rivalry to the fore. France and Russia made a
treaty of alliance. England and France adjusted their disputes peaceably.
France brought about an understanding between Great Britain and
Russia, Although the terms of the Triple Entente ivere indefinite, it
held these former rivals in alliance under the stress of a world war

(;E0KGE V. KIXG OF GEE AT BRITAIN AND IRELAND
AND EilPEROR OF INDIA

The reigning King of England, son of Edward VII and Queen
Alexandra, wdio was a Danish princess, was born June 3, 1865. llis
marriage to Princess Victoria ilary, now Queen Alary, occurred in
duly, 1893. He ascended the throne on the death of his father, Alay
(!. 1910. King George was crowned in Westminster Abbey in June,
1911. The King and Queen of England have five sons — the Prince of
Wales and heir-apparent, Edward Albert, and the Princes Albert
Frederick, Henry William, George Edwmrd, and John Charles — and
one daughter. Princess Victoria Alexandra. Great Britain’s colonial
empire includes the great English-speaking, practically self-govern-
ing countries of Canada, xAustralia, South Africa, and New Zealand,
the rich, densely populated Empire of India, the ancient laud of Egypt,
and smaller i)rovinces and islands the world over

coijynib'lic, Uinlerwood A' Underwood

NICHOLAS II, FORMER EAIPEROR OF RUSSIA
The former Czar of Russia, son of the Emperor Alexander
HI and the Empress Marie, wlio was Princess Dagmar of
Denmark and a sister of Queen Alexandra of England, was
born May 18, 1868, came to the throne November 1, 1894.
and abdicated on Alarch 15, 1917. He married Princess
Alexandra Alix, daughter of the Grand Duke of Hesse-
Darmstadt. They have four daughters — the Grand Duchesses
Olga, Tatiana, Alarie, and Anastasia — and a son, the Grand
Duke Alexis, born August 12, 1904. An almost bloodless
revolution, headed by Michael Rodzianko, President of the
Duma, was consummated between March 9 and March 15,
1917. Russia’s vast territory includes 1,996,743 square miles
in Europe and 8,647,657 square miles in Asia. Since the
days of Peter the Great this vast eninire has been seeking
to acquire ice-free harbors on the Baltic. Mediterranean,
Persian Gulf, and the Pacific

Copj'rixiit, chtis. 1,. Rii/’.iiiaiiii

M. RAYMOND POINCARE, PRESIDENT OF FRANCE
Erance became a republic on the overthrow of Napoleon III.
September 4, 1870. The presidential term is seven years.
AI. Poincare w’as born August 20, 1860, and became Presi-
dent of the Republic January 17, 1913. He had already
filled various administrative offices — Minister of Public In-
struction in the years 1893 and 1895; Minister of Finance in
1894 and 1896; Prime Afinister, holding also the portfolio of
Foreign Affairs from January, 1912, until his election as
President. France, like England, has a great colonial em-
pire. This iircludes Indo-China aird other colonies in Asia,
French Guiana in South America, and several small islands
in the New World and in the Pacific, the great island of
Aladagascar, French Soirralilaird, aird the vast extent of
Centra] and West African territory comprising such lairds
as Algeria, Alorocco, and Tunis, the Sahara, the Ivory Coast,
the French Congo and other African provinces

ilOIlA^BIED V, SULTAN OE TURKEY
The presejR Sultan of Turkey was born November
3, 1844, and came to the throne when his brother,
Sultan Abdul Ilaanid II, was deposed April 27, 1909,
after the successful uprising of the Young Turks.
The Sultan of Turkey is also the Caliph or Supreme
Plead of the Mohammedan faith, and there was
some fear that the enti’y of Turkey into the Euro-
pean conflict might be the signal for a Jehad or
Holy War of Moslems the world over against the
Christian countries

•Copydijlit, Clias. L. Bitzmaiiii

WILHELM II, EMPEROR OE GERMANY ANI) KING OE PRUSSIA
'The present German Empire, like the Republic of Prance, dates from the Pranco-Prussian War of 1870-71,^ when
the House of Hohei’zollern was invested with imperial dignity by the North German Confederation. The King of
Prussia, grandfather of the present Kaiser, was made Emperor Wilhelm I. AYilhelm II was born January 2i,
1859, and became Emperor of Germany on June 15, 1888. His father, the Emperor Priedrich, reigned only 100
days. Ills mother was Victoria, eldest daughter of Queen Victoria of England. Prom the date of Wilhelm’s acces-
sion he was a notable figure among European monarchs. The power and prosperity of Germany have been greatly
augmented during this period, and, until the outbreak of the Great War in the summer of 1914, his reign was one
of almost unbroken peace. The Kaiserin was Princess Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg.
They have six sons — the Crown Prince, Priedrich Wilhelm, and the Princes Wilhelm Eitel Priedrich, Adalbert,
August AVilhelm, Oscar, and Joachim — and one daughter, the Princess Victoria Luise, who married the Duke of
Brunswick in 1913. Germany’s colonial possessions are not so extensive as those of Prance and England. They
included at the beginning of the war Togo, Kamerun, German Southwest Africa, German East Africa, the leased
province of Kiau-Chau in China, Kaiser Wilhelm Land in New Guinea, and many small Pacific islands. The
Kaiser’s influence has been marked in the development of German commerce and industry, and in the strengthen-
ing of the military power of the nation. With her increasing population and ever-growing manufactures the need of
this great country for colonies and the control of trade routes is apparent

Coijyriglit, AiTierican I’rtss As:jociati<ia

FRANZ JOSEF I, LATE EMPEROR OF AUSTRIA AND KING OF HUNGARY
Fraiiz Josef I was born August 18, 1830, and died on November 22, 1916, closing a reign that lasted nearly sixty-
eight years — the longest in European history except that of Louis XIV of France. Franz Josef was proclaimed
Emperor of Austria on December 2, 1848, and crowned King of Hungary on June 8, 1867. The Empire over which,
he ruled is made up of many races, and it had long been believed that only the remarkable personality and pop-
ularity of the Emperor kept it from disintegration. Germans, Magyars, Bohemians, Moravians, Poles, Italians,
Ruthenians, Slovenes, Croatians, Rumanians, Servians — are a part of the diverse peoples, speaking different lan-
guages, that make up Austria-Hungary. The two great parts of the nation, the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom
of Hungary, have each its own constitution and legislative bodies, and separate executive departments save in mat-
ters common to both, such as foreign and diplomatic affairs, the greater part of the affairs of the army and navy, and
matters of finance common to the nation as a whole. During the long reign of Franz Josef, the history of his family,
the House of Ilapsbnrg, was marked b,y many tragic and violent deaths. The Emperor’s brother, Maximilian, who had
been made Emperor of Mexico by the Erench, was executed in Mexico. In 1889 the Crown Prince, Rudolf, was
found dead, believed to be a suicide. The beautiful Empress, Elisabeth, daughter of the Duke of Bavaria, was
assassinated by an anarchist in 1898. At the death of the Crown Prince the Archduke Franz Ferdinand became
heir-presumptive. The murder of Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo made Archduke Karl Franz Josef heir to the
throne. The fate of Austria-Hungary will he determined by the outcome of this war

Rulers of Germany, Austria and Turkey. Germany
and Austria were members of the Triple Alliance,
whose third member Italy, did not join the others
at the outbreak of the Great War. Turkey later
entered the war as an ally of Germany and Austria

BEKNAEDINO MACHADO, PEESIDENT OE POETHGAL
Senhor Eernardino Machado, former Premier, was elected
President of Portugal Aug'. 6, 1915, and inaugurated Oct. 5.
Portugal has been an ally of Great Britain for 200 years

Coiz/riglit, Aiticrii-aii P1-US!< Assoclaaoil

KING PETEE KAEAGEOEGEVITCH OF SERBIA
The present King of Serbia was born in 1844, and came to
the throne June 15, 1903, after the assassination of King
Alexander. Austria declared war upon Serbia July 28, 1914

L. Kiiziiiuii

ALBEKT I, KING OF BELGIUM

YOSHIHITO HAEUNOMITA, EMPEROR OE JAPAN
Tlie present Emperor was bom August 31, 1879, and came to'
tbe throne July 30, 1912. Japan, as an ally of England,
entered the war and attacked German possessions in the East

Albert of Belgium, whose resolute leadership of his country’s armies
from the moment of invasion has won for him the admiration of the
world, was born April 8, 1875. His father was Philippe, Count of
Flanders and Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and his mother
was Princess Marie de Hohenzollern Sigmaringen. Albert became
King of Belgium on the death of Lis uncle, Leopold II, December
17, 1909. His Queen, Elizabeth, was a Bavarian princess. Belgium
has been an independent country since 1831. Its neutrality was
guaranteed at that time by Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia,
and France, and the duty of defending such neutrality was imposed
upon the country itself. Belgium has one great African colony, the
Congo, containing about 900,000 square miles, which might prove a
most valuable prize of war. The people in the north of Belgium
speak Flemish ; those in the south, French

NICHOLAS I, KING OF MONTENEGRO
King Nicholas, born October 7, 1841, became Prince of
Montenegro in 1860, and assumed the title of King in 1910.
Montenegro I'oined in the war as soon as Serbia was attacked

Oopyright, AmiTioaii
Press Association

KARL I, KKW ATJSTKO-HUKGARTAK EMPEROR
Karl I, ^iTaiidnoplicw of Franz was born Aug'. 17,

1887, aiul became emperor in Xovember, 191(>

''’'■'‘''‘"'''‘'"COSSTAKIGN^^ I, KING- OF GREECE

King Constantine was born August 2, 1868. ajid became
King of Greece on March 18, 1913

THE ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND WITH THE KAISER
The Archduke Franz Ferdinand, wliose assassination was the immediate cause of the ultimatum
that brought on the war. is shown in a liunting party witli Kaiser Wilhelm, his intimate friend

c opjriglit, Chus L. I{itzmaini

VITTORIO EMANUELE HI. KING OF ITALY
King Vittorio Emanuele w^as born November 11, 1869,
and came to the tlirone July 29. 1900

Ccipvrisht, I’ress Illusti-iii in

PRINCE LVOFF

Premier of Russia since March 15, 1917, when the Czar abdicated and the Revo-
lutio'iiists took control. Prince Lvoff was President of the Union of Zemstvos

Copvrislil. Mfrk'in I’liDto Servici-

ALEXAXDER, PRIXCE-EEGENT OF SERBIA
Prince Alexander was born December 4, 1888. In the
king’s illness, the heir-apparent is prince-regent

iUin News Sfi-vicc

FERDINAND, KING OF BULGARIA
Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotlia was born
February ^6, 1861, elected Prince of Bulgaria in
1887, and assumed the title of King, July 10, 1911

<§) Uiider\vo<xl A: lIiKiurwood

JAMES W. GERARD

Ambassador from the United States to Gerinaiiy
until diplomatic relations were severed on
February 2, 1917

:\rARSITAL JOFFRE

Commander on the western front from the open-
ing of the war until December, 1916, when he
was made a Marshal of France

M. ARISTIDE BRTAND

French Premier succeeding M. Rene Viviani, who
became Minister of Justice. Ribot succeeded
Briand in March, 1917

Association

CONFIDENT LEADERS OF THE ALLIES

From left to right. Marshal Joffre, President Poincare, King George V, General Foch,
hero of the Alarne and leader of the French forces in the Battle of the Somme, and Gen-
eral Sir Douglas Haig, commanding the British forces in France

eiiai'lcs L. Uitzuiaiin

FERDINAND, KING OF RUMANIA
Ferdinand of Hohenzollerii-Sigmaringen was born
August 24, 1865. He succeeded his uncle, Carol I,
as King of Rumania, October 10, 1914

(Q) Aiiiyi'icitii Truss Assoriatinii

ELEUTIIERIOS VENIZELOS
Prime Minister of Greece during the Balkan
War, and leader of the party that favors joining
the Allies

Copyi'islit, L.ii(Kn'woi)(l & Underwood

GENERAL GALLIENI
Erencli Minister of War, who died on
Iday 27, 1916

CopyriKlitj Brown Bros.

GRAND ADMIRAL VON TIRPITZ
Wlio developed the German navy and made
it second only to that of England

ADMIEAL YO^ PLISCOTT

A brilliant officer of the Austrian navy
■whose bases are on the Adriatic

EIGHT HOXOEABLE IL IT. ASQUITH

British Prime Minister from 1909 to Peceinber, 191G,
when Lloyd-George succeeded and formed a new cabinet

COUNT OKUMA

Japan’s Prime Minister from April 15, 1914 until October
4, 1916, when he was succeeded by Count Terauchi

BARON VON BETI-IMANN-TIOLLWEG
German Chancellor since 1908, Von Bethmann-Ilollweg
is eloselj identified with the policies of the Kaiser

ENYEE BET
The young Turkish Minister of War whose influence has led
his country to enter the war as an ally of Germany

GEUEEAL UIVELLE
Commander of the Erench armies of
the North and the Northeast

CVipyi'iglit, Am. Press Ass’n

GEAND PUKE NICHOLAS
The guiding* spirit in developing the
Eussian amiy to efficiency

GENERAL VON BESELER
Leader of the forces that conquered
and occupied Antwerp

(Q) UiKicvwood it L’liderwoocl

VISCOUNT TRENCH OF YPRES

AVlio commanded the Britisli forces in
France and Belgium for 16 months

GENERAL VON HEERINOEN

A German tactician prominent in
the great drive into France

(Q) hrowii Bros.

EIELB MARSHAL VON HTNDENBURO
Recalled from Russia to become Ger-
man Chief of Staff in August, 1916

(£) liruwu Bros.

RENE VTVIANI

Premier of France at the oiUbreak of war and until
October, 1915, when he became ^Minister of dustice

SIR EDWARH GREY

British Foreign Secretary from December, 1905, to
December, 1916, when he was succeeded by Balfour

M. SAZONOFF

Russian Foreign ^Minister who declared that Russia
could not permit Austria to acquire Serbian territory

Prime Minister of Serbia. A skilled diplomat, he
strengthened the friendship between Russia and Serbia

NIKOLA PACIUTCH

lilt. News Service

GENERAL RENNENKAAIPF
Who commanded the Russian forces
that invaded East Prussia

GENERAL LEMAN

The Belgian General who directed the
defense of Liege

GENERAL VON IIOETZENDORF
Chief of General Staff of Austria-
Hungary until March o, 1917

CROWN PRINCE OF GREECE
Prince George, the eldest son of King Con-
stantine, was born July 19, 1890

AROHEUKE ERTEDRIOIT
The Archduke (left) represents the Em-
peror as Austrian Commander in Cliief

C«l']>rJglU, Paul Tlioiii])x<ili

SIGNOR SALANERA

Italian Premier until his resignation June 11, 19](>.
Signor Paolo Roselli became Premier on June 19

BARON BURIAN

Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister until December,
1916, when Count A'on Chudenitz was appointed

GOTTLIEB VOX JAGOW
Appointed German Minister of Foreign Affairs in
191.'!. lie resigned the post November 21, 1916

EAVIE LLOTE-GEORGE

Who became British Prime Minister in December,
1916. He was Secretar.v for War after Kitchener

CROWN PRINCE OF GERMANY
The Kaiser’s eldest son, Friedrich Wilhelm,
was born IMay 6, 1882

HINEENBURG AND LIJDEXDORKF

Von Hindenburg declares that Von
Ludendorff is a true military genius

Am. Press Ass'n

ADMIKAL JETXICOE
Hade Eirst Sea Lord !N’ov. 29, 1916, witlr
Admiral Beatty commanding home fleet

(g) Am. Press Ass'ii

ADMIKAL BEATTY
Commander in sea battles of Aug. 28,
1914, Jan. 24, 1915, and May 31, 1916

(g) A,„. SMITH-DOEEIEY

Who saved the left wing of the British
army, August 26, 1916

@ Paul T'li<mipsci!i

general kamio

The Japanese general who commanded
at the siege of Tsing-tau

GENERAL VON KLUCK

Who commanded the German right in
the drive toward Baris

GENERAL PETAIN
Promoted for brilliant leadership of
the Ereneh forces at Verdun

^ ''"general VO.V IJER GOLTZ

Itirst Militaiy Governor of Belgium,
lie died in Tui’hey

EARL KITCHENER, LLOYD-GEORGE, AND GENERAL ROQUES
Earl Kitchener (left) was drowned in June, 1916, when the cruiser HamiJsliire went down near the Orhneys. l.loyd-George
(right) succeeded to Kitchenei’’s post of Secretary for War early in July. Directly behind Lloyd-George is General Roques,
who succeeded Gallieni as Ereneh Minister of War and was succeeded by Paul Painlevo, lllarch 19, 1911

LIEUTENANT VON AVEDDIGEN
The dashing captain of tlie U-!),
afterward of the U-29

B.,.„ sxURDEE

Who sank the Scharnhorst, Oneisenau,
Leipzig, and IViirnberg

CoDyright, Bain News (Service

GE^fERAL EOCH

Erench strategist npon wlioni General
Joffre relies

M. RADOSLAVOEE
Wlio is Bulgarian Premier and Min-
ister for Eoreign Affairs

ADMIRAL JACKSON
Who is succeeded by Admiral Jellicoe
as Eirst Sea Lord

Copyriglit, Press Jlliistratiiig Co,

GENERAL VON EAIJIENHAYN
Eormer chief of staff who invades
Rumania from the west

GENERAL AIACKENSEN
Who led the Teutons to victory in
Galicia and Serbia

Uopyright, Underwood & Underwood

GENERAL SARKAIL

In command of tlie French and Brit-
ish forces in the Balkans

THE KKUPP GUN WORKS AT ESSEN
Germany’s great siege guns were the decisive feature of the first stage of the war. They reduced such, fortress towns
as Liege and Namur. A feature of her later success is her limitless supply of guns and ammunition

GENERAL PAUL PAU
The one-armed officer who is among
the famous generals of Prance

PRINCE LEOPOLD

Bavarian General whose troops took
and occupied Warsaw

ADMIRAL DE ROBECK

Who commanded the fleets of the
Allies at the Dardanelles

GENERAL LRESTLOFE

CoiDinanding the Russian drive into Aus-
tria, which began June 4, 1916

Coio'i'ight, (.leorgi; (rraiilliaiii Jiaiii

GENERAL ROBERTSON
Who is British Chief of the Imperial
General Staff

COUNT TISZA

Hungarian statesman prominent in the
councils of the Empire

ALEXANDRE RTBOT

French Premier who succeeded Briand
on Alareh 19, 1917

ii,.iii, I am riiuiii|>Mm

GENERAL C ADORN A
Who is Italian Chief of the Gen-
eral Staff

■ GENERAL GASTELNAU
Under Joffre, he commanded the Eix'nch
army on tlie western front

Copvriglil, Uiuii-rwiKKi k Un<i<'rwoiMi

CiENERAL HAIG

Wlio succeeded General Erench in com-
mand of British troops in Erance

THE FRENCH HUNITIONS WORKS AT OREUROT
Manufacturing shells in the great Schneider gun work's at Oreusot, one of the largest plants in the, world for tnrn-
nig out -war material. The thorough organization of French industries for war has aroused universal admiration

>pvnght, I’rcs.s lllustialhig Co.

ADMIRAL CORRI
M^ho succeeded Admiral Viale as Italian
hlinister of IMarine

Copyrijtlit, Untlcrwoocl .v UiKierwood

GENERAL PUTNIK
Able general who is Commander in
Chief of the Rerhiaii army

MARIO C. MEMOCAL, PRESIDENT OE CUBA
.l^resi(lei),t of Cuba from May 19, 1913, and reeleot-ed in
1917. Ouba declared war on Germany April 7, 1917

WENOESLAO BRAZ, PRESIDENT OE BRAZIL
Elected President of Brazil ou IMareli 1. 1914. Brazil
severed relations with Germany April 10. 1917

WOODROW WILSON, IBIESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

The twent.v-eifrhth President of the United iStates, Woodrow Wilson, was born in Staunton,
Virginia, on December 28, 1850, inaugurated President on Tlareli 4, 191,8, and began a
second four-year tenn on Tlareh 4, 1917. ilr. Wilson was educated for the law and admit-
ted to the bar but followed the profession onl.v two years. From 1890 to 1910, he filled
chairs of jurisprudence, political economy and i)olitics at Princeton University, and on
August 1, 1902. was chosen President of Princeton. During the period from 1885 to 1910,
Mr. AVilson published extensive works on American history and government, which were
well received. On January 17, 1911, he became Governor of New .Jersey, an office he
resigned ou IM'arch 1. 1913. At the outbreak of the European War, President Vhlson
offered the service, s of the Tlnited States as a mediator. Tie proclaimed the neutrality of
the United States and maintained it until Germany’s illegal submarine warfare forced Con-
gress to declare a state of war existing between the United States and Germany, April 6, 1917

RAMON M. A'ALDES, PRESIDENT OF PANAMA
Seiior Valdes became President of Panama on Oct. 1.
1910. Panama declared war ou Germany, April 7,1917

RODZIANKa'HEAD OF RUSSIAN GOAtEENMENT

As President of the Duma and the Committee
of Safety, he proclaimed the Ee^mlution

Press Illustratiiife' St*r\ii'f

NEWTOK D. BAKER
Appointed U. S. Secretary of War i^Iarch T,
1916. He had been Mayor of Cleveland since 1912

@ Press IIliistraHiiK Service

GEHEKAL HUGH L. SCOTT
H. S. Chief of Staff. He was superintendent of
the Military Academy from 1906 to 1910

THE CAPITOL AT WASUINGTOX OX THE EVEXIXG OF APKIL

Pres.s Illustrating Service

COXGRESS HEAEIXG THE WAR MESSAGE

A special session of the Congress of the United States met April 2, 1917. On the evening of the same day, President
Wilson delivered his war message in Representative Hall. Vice President Marshall sat beside Speaker Clark

JOSEPHUS UAHIELS

Daniels has been Secretary ©f the
United States Xavy since March 5, 1913

) Clinediiist Stmlio

ADMIRAL W. S. BEXSOX

United States Chief of Xaval Operations
who directs the active naval policy

Copyilglit, Uiidurwoucl & Umleiwuod

KEFUGEES FLEEING TO BRUSSELS FOB SAFETY

As the irresistible army of the invaders approached, the people of the villag-es near Brussels collected such of their property as was portable and came in endless processions along

the beautiful roads into the city for safety

THE RUINS OE LOUVAIN

For six hundred years Louvain was a shrine of European culture, a fountain of esthetic inspiration, and its architecture was admired by all the world. On August 25, 1914,
much of the city was burned by the invading- army — in reprisal, so it was said, for attacks made by citizens on German soldiers. The famous Hotel de Ville was left standing

(Jep.vrigni,

ARTITJ.ERY WI'J’H RUSSIA’S GREAT ARMY OF INVASION

IVhatevcr may liare been the eoiidition of Russia’s army in tlie disastrous war with Japan, tlie forces of tlie Czar have betrayed no such weaknesses in the ])resent war. Well equipped and well officered, the
army mobilized more (luickly than was believed possible, and in the main her campaigns against Austria, Turkey, and Germany have been skillfully conducted

CANADIAN TROOPS EMBARKING

In October, 1914, thirty British ships carried a Canadian force of 30,000 soldiers across
the Atlantic. With the beginning of 1910, Canada had 120,000 fig'hting men overseas

CANADIAN SO.LDIERS FROM THE YALCARTIER TRAINING OAAIP

Canada, like Great Britain’s other self-governing colonies, made haste to recruit, equip and train soldiers for the Great
War. At the close of the second year of the war, the army raised in Canada approached 500,000 men

A NIGHT BATTLE IN MUELHAUSEN

Upper Alsace was the scene of^some of ^ the early enccagements of the war, when the Erench endeavored to aid Belgium by a counter invasion of Germany.

Toward the close of the year, Alsace again became a field for military operations

taken by the French, then retaken by the Germans.

Muelhausen was

THE CATHEDRAE OE NOTRE DAME AT RHEIMS, AFTER REPEATED ROMRARDMENTS
Nearly every building' in the neighborhood crumbled under the terrihc bombardments which began September 18, 1914. The walls of the cathedral stand, though its matchless stained-glass windows and
many fine caiwings were destroyed. This magnificent building, dating from the 13th century, was considered one of the most beautiful in the world. It was here that Kings of France were crowned

and Joan of Arc believed her mission ended when Charles YII had been crowned at Rheims

Vopyriglit, Underwood & Underwood

THE GREAT ARCHES AT NOTRE DAME
The wars of seven centuries had passed over Rheims, and still all armies spared the beautiful
cathedral. It is now but a wonderful ruin

A RUINED CHURCH NEAR DIXMUDE

Twenty-four Erench soldiers were sleeping in this village church. All of them were killed by
the German shells that wrecked the building

GERMAN ARMY BALLOON LEAVING ITS HANGAR

The long shed which houses a great airship is necessary, for without this home to return to it would soon be destroyed by wind and weather.

raids on the enemy’s hangars, and attempt to wreck them by dropping bombs

For this reason aviators make air

AEROPLANE MACHINE GUN
The famous Ereneh aviator, VMrines, loading the machine gun of his aeroplane,
which is of the new “flying fish” type, preparatory for an air raid on German lines

AN AEROPLANE READY FOR FLIGHT

A British aviator and aeroplane are waiting on the sands at Boulogne for orders. The aerial forces of all the great

armies have won high praise for their daring and skill

Aeroplanes are the scouts of the navy as well as of the army. High up in the air they can locate the enemy’s ships and return to report their position and strength to the ship from which they are sent. By
the use of aeroplanes to direct the firing, British ships have been able to take an important part in attacking the German trenches near the Belgian coast

YPEES, BELGIUM. EUINS OE THE CLOTH HALL, HOTEL DE VILLE, AND CATHEDKAL
The massive tower at the right was part of the famous Halle des Drapiers, or Cloth Hall, begun in the year 1200. The spire standing marked the corner of the jing. Just at^^^^^

the Hotel de Ville. The ruins in the central and left background are those of the cathedral. As the meeting place of important roads, Tpres has been a center of battles and has suffered repeated bombardments

On the morning of September 22, 1914, three British cruisers, the Ahouhir, the Hogue, and the Cressy, were sunk by the German submarine U-9. Mr, Reuterdahl’s picture represents the Hogue tor-
pedoed while going to the aid of the AhouMr. The stricken ship turned slowly over on her side, and her crew tumbled down her side as she sank. About fourteen hundred men were lost in the sinking of
the three cruisers. The feat was the more remarkable in that all three were destroyed by a single submarine, the U-9, which had to come to the surface to fix her target each time. The U-9 escaped

“EVERY MAN EOR HIMSELE!’^

Ora«u oy Henry SeuterdaW

CopyrigliLj Bain News Service

THE EAHOUS GERMAN SUBMARINE U-9

Early in the war, September 22, 1914, the power of the submarine was demonstrated when the
German U-9 torpedoed and sank three Britisli cruisers — the Ahonhir, Cressy, and Hogue

Copyriglit, American i'ress Associatiui)

The Australian battleship which destroyed the Emden in a
fight near the Cocos Islands

THE SCHARNIIORST

The flag-ship of the German squadron that sank three British warships on November 1, 1914.
The Scharnliorst finally went down in a battle with a British fleet on December 8

THE GNEISENAU

A German armored cruiser that aided in the victory over a British squadron near the coast of
Chile and went down with the Scharnhorst in the battle near the Ealkland Islands

Copj iighl, Brown Brothers

THE EMDEN

No story of adventure at sea ever approached the description of the actual feats of this German cruiser. Unaided, she jeox^ardized ^British commerce in the Pacific, destroyed
wireless stations, and raided coast towns. The Australian battleship Sydney came up while men from the Emden were destroying a British wireless on the Cocos Islands. In

the battle that ensued the Emden was beached and burned

GEEIiIANS KEFOETIFYING ANTWEEP
Immediately after the occupation of Antwerp the Germans made preparations to defend the city against
the Allies. The photograph shows infantrymen aiding in dragging one of the great guns into position

GUN DESTEOYED AT BISMAECIv FOET
In the Japanese attack upon Tsing-tau, a shell struck this gun, wrecking it completely. The
forts defending Germany’s possessions in China fell before the mobile siege guns of Japan

WEECKAGE OF A FOET AT BEUSSELS
The Belgians at Brussels blew up tlieir own forts, knowing
they would not withstand the giant Krupp guns. German
engineers are here examining a Belgian gun with a view to
remounting it

THE BOJIBAEDMEHT OF TSING-TAU

A snapshot of Japanese artillery shelling Tsing-tau from the hill raiig-e overlooking the city. The clouds of smoke
come from burning oil tanks on the water front. The picture was taken just before the final storming of the German

fortifications by the Japanese infantry

THE GERMAN WATCH ON THE TSER

Silhouettes of German sentries guarding their line along the Yser stand out against the simset sky. In this region
some of the most desperate fighting of the war has taken place, the Belgians struggling to keep their last foothold
in the country, the Germans determined to sweep onward to Calais

Copiriglit, liiteniatknial News Service

TWILIGHT IN THE LOW COUNTRIES
An aeroplane, after a long scouting trip over hostile armies,
is coming down in the twilight

Ui'awn Vv WlUv G. Stover. Copyright, lIliiRtrirfe ZcitiuiK

TAKING OBSERVATIONS FROM A SUBMARINE

The effective \voi‘k of sohmariiies ag’ainst battleships has been one of the notable features of the
Great War. Although the submarine must come to the surface for observations, it does its dread
work unseen by the victim. Wherever battleships come into direct conflict with each other,
the victory seems to be with the heaviest guns; but the submarine may destroy the biggest
superdreadnoug'ht afloat and escape without much danger of harm to itself

Copynghi, AuiciTcan i rvHs Assocmuon

THE EMDEN AGROUND

At the end of its final battle, shot to pieces by the Australian battleship Sydney, this glorious
sea raider was beached on one of the Cocos Islands

Copyrlglit, i fiul Thoitipsuii

WKECK OF THE XATSEK WILHEIJI DEK GROSSE

This converted liner was preying* on the merchant sliips between England and Cape Colony. She
was sunk by the British cruiser Highflyer

EEAR ADMIEAL CKADOCK
British commander, who went down with his flagship, the
Good Hope, in the naval battle near the coast of
Chile, November 1. 1914

The victors in the battle off tlie Talkland Islands are sending boats to pick up
the men who leaped overboard when their ships went down. This snapshot was
taken from the crow’s nest of the British ship Invincible

BEAR ADMIRAL VON SPEE
German commander who perished with his two sons in the
great naval engagement near the Falkland Islands,
December S, 1914

SINKING OE THE GERMAN CRUISER BLtlCHER

Powerful ships of the German and British navies fought in the North Sea on January 24, 1915. The German fleet, outnumbered, finally withdrew with the loss of the armored cimiser Bliicher. This photograph

was taken as the wrecked ship turned over and shows the sailors rushing over the side. Some of them were rescued by the British ships near by

(Copyright, Aniericau Press Association

A BRITISH HYDROPLANE ALIGHTING ON THE WATER

Hydroplanes have been extensively used by the British in this war, and took part in the air and

sea raid upon Cuxhaven, Germany

GERMAN SUBMARINE, U-14

This undersea boat, active in sinking’ British ships after Germany attempted a submarine blockade
of England, was finally destroyed by the English

LOADING TORPEDOES INTO A FRENCH SUBMARINE

The deadly torpedo is the weapon of the submarine. Here the crew of the Erench submarine, XipJiia, are shown

loading torpedoes into the hold of their boat

AN AUSTRALIAN SUBMARINE

Australia has a small, but modern and effective navy of her
own, -which has aided in British control of the Pacific

Cuiivri;;lit, Uruwii Kroihei-.-

A SUBMAKINE’S OPERATIAU MECHANISM
Diving-rudder control wheel, depth gauge, and clinometer on
a recently built submarine

SUBiiAKINE TORPEDO TUBES
The forward torpedo tubes and firing mechanism of a recent
type of submarine

ipyriglit, Hi'dwn lirotlierw

PERISCOPE OE SUBMERGED SUBilARIRE
This submarine is traveling near ejiougli to the sur-
face for observations to be taken through the periscope

ABOARD A PRENCIT SUBMARmE
The last cover, which a sailor is about to close preparatory
to the submarine’s diving

Brothers

INTERIOR OF A SUBMARINE

Looking forward over the batteries toward the ton^edo tubes. The flooring which covers the batteries has been removed.

When covered, this space furnishes quarters for the crew

Copyrlglili Unrtei-\voo<i A Uiidurwo. il

EXPLOSION OF A MINED TKENCII
Abandoned trenches are mined

A HILLSIDE TKENCII IN GALICIA

Western Galicia is the scene of fierce fighting between the
Austrians and the invading Kussians

> Paul Thonipsoii

GERMAN BATTERY IN THE SNOWS OE POLAND
Here are heavy German guns answering the fire of the Russians near Gumbinnen, East Prussia. On the long eastern
fronts, as in the west, winter brought no check to the war’s activities

Copi right, Paul Tlionipson ^ ^ ~ ~

OBSEEVATION SHELTER NEAR MEMEL
The valley of the Hiemen, called Memel in Prussia, and city of Memel on
the Baltic are fiercely contested by Russians and Germans

WINTER IN FLANDERS

The bleak wind-swept countryside of Elanders is honey-combed with trenches. All roads lead to the battle front, and
there is constant passing- of men and g'uns, ambulances and supplies

-I,*,'

AFTER A SNOWSTORM IN FRANCE

These French soldiers are on patrol duty, and they are endeavoring to keep warm by gathering around a brazier. Neither
storm nor cold interrupts the incessant activities of the armies in the Great War

GotjiyrJght, Feature Photo. SerTtce

MAOHINE-GUN CEEW

A comparatively small number of troops equipped with machine
guns can hold a long line of trenches

AN OBSERVATION POST

A young German soldier, in a well-constructed trench. His
small field glass is made on the principle of the periscope

MOVING A GERMAN GUN

German artillery, like everj" other detail of the German army, is wonderfully efficient. The photograph shows artillery

advancing under some difficulties of transportation

FRENCH INFANTRY IN A BAYONET CtlARGE

Although this is a war of trenches, machine guns and heavy artillery, the bayonet is still employed, the French in particular having
made spirited charges with this weapon of earlier warfare. The men drive forward with earnestness and spirit

Copyrijilit, Merteiii i’lioto Servic

MOVING A FKENCH GUN
French soldiers changing position with one of the famous 'r5-mi]limeter guns, wdaich, from their rapid-firing qualities
and the ease with which they are moved, have proved most efleetive weapons for the Allies

AUSTRIAN FIELD ARTILLERY IN RUSSIA

A photograph made during the Teutonic drive through Russian Poland. A battery of 10-centimeter (about 4-inch)
howitzers is stationed in a grain field, and gunners are adjusting the sights. In the background are straw-covered tents

A TELESCOPING SEARGLILIGHT

A searchlight used by the Germans in France. It is transported on a specially ^
constructed wagon and is connected by telephone with the rear guard of the army

A BALLOON ASCENSION
A captive balloon is ascending cari’ying a ear containing
the officers who are to direct the fire of French artillery

CopyrlKht, Underwood i Underwood

RAISING A BALLOON FROM AN ITALIAN WARSHIP

Not only the Italian army, bnt the navy as well, is making use of the captive balloon for observation purposes. The photograph shows a
novel militai’y use of a captive balloon, which is being raised from the deck of an Italian warship near the coast

.^ 7 '

A NEW FRENCH DIRIGIBLE

This airship resembles a German Zeppelin in many of its parts. The picture gives a stern view of the great dirigiblej showing the
rudders and elevators, just as it was leaving the ground on one of its trial trips

AN OBSERVATION BALLOON

All armies in the field find the captive balloon an effective means
of studying the country and detecting movements of troops

Cojiji-iglitj (Jiidurwouil & Uiidiii'WuoU

I'LEEIXG THE KHSSIAX IXVASIOX
ilany thousands of joeasauts in Silesia and East Prussia fled for safety to Berlin
before the advance of the Kussian hosts

CopyiTglit, Aiiiurican Press Association

A STOKY OF HEPFISALS

The two old women are sisters; the third a daughter of one of them. The husbands
of all three were shot and their home burned

1 Press Aasociatuii

FEFUGEES IN SERBIA

Here, as iu Belgium and Poland, the people hastily gatliered their most cherished
belongings and fled before the enemy’s advance

(.iopjrighl, Umiei'i

A PEASANT’S SHELTEE IN EAST PKUSSIA
Driven from their homes, the peasants construct rude shelters, and the undaunted
women keep busily at work on socks and mittens for their soldiers

By courtesy of tlie Fieiieh i-mbassy

A BAKEIGADE AilOKCi KUIA-.S
The debris from wrecked buildings — stones, doors, blinds, wagons, liny — has furnislied these Ereneli
sharpshooters material for an effective l)arricade

SEAEGIIISG THE ASHES

A family of Kussiaii Poles have returned to the ruins and seem to be happy in finding keepsakes
and valuables even in the ashes of their home

SEEPHAH PEISOHEES Oh WAE
A strange group of prisoners, for besides Serbian soldiers, it contains women and aged men who
have taken part in the resistance to the Teutonic invasion

A DIEEICULT HOME-GOiMIHG

In the marshy country near the Baltic, Eussian women who fled before the tide of war are bring-
ing back the possessions left them to the ruins of their home

FEENOII AXD ENGLISH FLEET NEAK THE DAEDAHELLES

Eroin the opening- of the war France has kept the greater part of her navy in the Mediterranean to guard her southern coast and the British and French colonies in northern Africa. England protects her
own shores and those of western France. Early in 1915, tlie Allies assembled a large fleet at the Dardanelles, hoping to open the way into tlie Black Sea, and make it possible for E-ussia to export her grain

and import the guns and ammunition she needs for prosecuting the war

111, umiei-wooa« UTiaerwoon

INTRENCHING THROUGH CELLAR WALLS
The Royal Scots Fusiliers in a trench which runs
through cellar walls under the ruined houses of
St. Eloi

GEEMAN EiELEMEN IN EHSSIAN POLAND

The picture shows the wide sweep of flat, dreary country that makes up much of Eussian Poland. The German troops are advancing
swiftly, in good order and good spirits, despite mud and poor roads. It is a typical army movement in Poland, a land without natural
boundaries, whose unhappy sons fight against each other in the armies of three nations

CopMinlii, Oouigt; UiaiiUiuiii l.u.

THE SAN GIOKGIO

An Italian cruiser launelied in 1910. Italy looks forward to the
control of the Adriatic

Copyrtjjfit. Underwood A Uiiderwcn

THE QUEEN ELTZAEETH AT THE DARDANELLES
'’J'his British battleship, launched in 1915, has a speed of 25 knots, and carries eight powerful 15-incli guns in her armament.
Speed and heavy guns give her a great advantage over older battleships

LANDING TROOPS AT THE DARDANELLES

French and English troops, sent to aid in the difficult task of opening the way to Constantinople, were being landed under
protection of the fleet. The Turks opened fire on these boats and some of them were sunk. The land fighting soon resolved

itself into trench warfare like that in western Europe

Uopynsht, Uiiderwo

THE NEW WAK PAINT OF THE BEITISH FLEET
Costly experience at the Dardanelles led to the use of a new war paint
for the ships in the straits. The dappiled coloring makes the vessel
a difficult targ’et

4,1

THE GERMAN EAR EASTERN SQUADRON IN IvIAU-CIIAU HAY

Tlie battleships shown ridings at anc-hor in beautiful Tvinii-Chau Bay have now won their glory and taken their places in history, for they are the ScharnJioi'st, the Gneisenaii,
the 'Emden, the Leipzig, and the is ilrnherg , whicdi later fought Germany’s great sea battles in the Pacific. Across the bay are Cap Joeschke and the islands upon one of which
a Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer ran aground and was shelled by the shore batteries. This picture was taken from a hillside back of the city of Tsing-tau

CopyriglU, Underwood i Under’.

THE GHASTLY WOKK OF A SINGLE SHELL
The men and horses whose bodies form this grim picture of war were killed
by a single shell at the Battle of Haelen. Close to this terrible harvest of
battle, the peasants are already at work again in the fields

At the edge of a forest near Peronne dead bodies covered the ground where a force of French soldiers had been
completely annihilated by the terrible fire of the Germans. It is pictures like this that tell the real meaning of war

to the countries that engage in it

Coj>\rixlit. Uiiiiurwooili Uudeiwoml

KESCUING A SUrEMARlxVE’S VICTIMS

Lifeboats are bringing into the harbor of St- ]\Iar,y’s, largest of the Scilly Islands, the survivors from the Headlands and the Indian Cit)i. It was near the same coast that the American oil ship Gulfliglit,
flying the Stars and Stripes, was torpedoed, iilthough Germany’s great warships are not numerous enough to face the greater navy of England, her submarines are endeavoring to establish the War Zone

she has proclaimed about England

Cupiiiglit, Uudet wood & Undei'wood

THE DEAD IH HEAPS AT BELOEADE

The gruesome spectacles that mark the battle grounds of the Great War are well exemplified in this picture from the capital of
Servia, which was surrendered to the Austrian army after a long and stubborn defense. Fresh supplies came to the Servians ; King
Peter rallied the wearied army, and they reconquered Belgrade, driving the Austrians across the Save

Copyriglic, Uuderwood A Undeiwood

TYPES OF ZEPPELIN BOMBS
The Director of the Municipal Laboratory at Paris is exhibiting to the
Minister of the Interior bombs that were thrown from Zeppelins and other
German air craft

AMMUNITION TKAIN UESTIIOYED UY SHELLS
This Russian train of food and ammunition wagons was shelled by the
Germans near Warsaw, and completely destroyed

raui liiouipson

THE KOYAL PALACE AT MALMO, SWEDEN
Where Kings Haakon of Noi-way, Gnstaf of Sweden and Christian of Den-
mark met to arrange for mutual defense of their neutrality

i.'i'pyngiit, cucierwooai unaerwooa

A TOWN SWEPT BY THE RUSSIANS
The Russian soldiers have been at some pains to spare churches when burning buildings or making reprisals, and the
church in this village was left standing when many near-by houses were burned to the ground

GURKHAS DEEENDING THE SUEZ CANAL
An encampment of British Indians who have come to the aid of the Empire in holding this important waterway against the
Turks. In the Battle of Suez, the British forces were victorious

RUSSIAN PRISONERS AT AGITSTOWO, POLAND
In each of the European countries engaged the vast number of prisoners taken in this war is a problem in itself,
of them will w’ork on the land in place of the peasants who are at tlio front

Some

THE DEAD IH CHAMPAGNE, FRANCE
As far as the eye can reach the bodies of French and German soldiers are strewn over the field. Life in the trenches
becoTiies even more terrible when for long periods the dead near by cannot be buried

WRECKAGE FROM AN AIR RAID
Tiiis cottage in Spital Road, Maldon, about thirty miles from London, was
struck by a Zeppelin bomb in the raid of Ain-il 16, 1915

A battle GROUND IN GALICIA
Austrian hussars are taking advantage of a cessation of firing and are
collecting the dead near their trenches for burial

A TRENCH PERISCOPE USED BY ERENCTI SOLDIERS

These Erench soldiers in Alsace are enjoying the comparative safety of a well-constructed trench
while watching the movements of the enemy as reflected in the mirror of their field periscope

Copyriglit. I’anl Thompson

DEFENDING THE MASURIAN LAKE COUNTRY, EAST PRUSSIA
German soldiers in the trenches are keeping up a continuous fire from their shield-protected
machine guns. They are directed by an officer who watches the results tKrough a field glass

Oonyright, I'i-eas lllustviitiug Compuuy

BELGIAN SOLDIEES AETER BATTLE RE-FORMING FOR A FRESH ATTACK
The terribly hard work of modern warfare is evidenced by the appearance of these muddy, worn soldiers who have just been engaged, and are now getting ready for a fresh attack on the German trenches.
But the spirit and courage of these followers of King Albert is unmistakable, though their homes are held by the invader and they hold but a few miles of trenches near the sea

by liiiiierl U. McCorinick. Copyrislu, Chicago Ti ibiiiiu

READING THE DEATH LIST

A scene in Petrograd, where as in many other cities of Europe, liundreds of
mothers and wives come every day to read the death lists

A CRIPPLED WORIvHAN;

A man who has lost both arms may be
taught to work with artificial limbs

Coi>ji-lght, Uiiilci wood ic Underwood

A THKIVJNG wak industry

Workshops in Uranee and Germany and Britain and America are turning out
artificial arms and legs by the tens of thousands for the crippled

Photo, lif Uol>ei't K. McCormick. Copyriglit, Cliicugo Tribune

SOLDIERS WHO DIED FROM TYPHUS

An epidemic of this dreaded disease spread widely in Serbia, and it was largely through the efforts
of American physicians and Red Cross workers under Dr. Richard Strong that it was controlled

CARTING THE DEAD OFE THE FIELD

A phase of war unnerving to the sensibilities of civilians is the necessarily nnoeremonious manner of
handling the dead after battle. Here bodies are heaped on a cart, to be buried later in a mass grave

A GlIAKOE BY FEEYGII AFEICAY CHASSEUES

These splendid horsemen from her North African possessions are fighting as bravely as the best for Eraiieo. Although cavalry no longer holds its ancient importance in warfare, a screen of horse-
men preceded the army in the early German Invasion, and it is said that the rapid movements of Erench cavalry saved the road to Galais after tho llfarne. Afounted Oossacks also render valuable

sorvioe on tho Kussian front

Copyi'iylit, Wedem Photo, bervicu

EIEING OVEK THEIK OWN DEAD

These Erench soldiers are firing across the bodies of their own comrades who fell in an unsuccessful
charge. Many who fall on the battle field lie face downward, with one arm shielding the face

AN EXEGUTION

In every army captured spies are quickly condemned and executed. Here is a group of Serbian spies,
captured by the Austrians. Some of the condemned men have already fallen

THE WILLIAM P. EEYE

This American vessel, one of the last of the famous clipper ships, was sunk by
the Prina Eiiel Friedrich, which later came into the harbor of Newport News

Copyriglit, American Press Association

THE ERENCI-I BATTLESHIP, BOUVET
One of the battleships sunk by the Turkish forts, in the earlier part of the fighting to force tbe Dardanelles, long con-
sidered impregnable. The French and English immediately sent other ships to replace those that were sunk or disabled

AMEEIOAN OIL SHIP, GULPLIGIIT
Although flying the Stars and Stripes, the American ship Giilfliglit, carrying gasoline from Port Arthur, Texas, for
Rouen, Prance, was torpedoed without warning near the Seilly Islands, Hay 2, 1915. Three Americans lost their lives

C«pyright, Henry Rnscliiii

A BRIDGE ON THE KALESCH-WARSAW LINE

This railroad bridge was destroyed by the Russians in a retreat toward Warsaw. The immediately effective work of the
German engineers is evident at the left of the picture. A part of the old bridge has been supplemented by pontoons

THE FALABA’S LIFEBOATS

On ilareh 28, 1915, the British passenger ship Falaha was torpedoed by a Ger-
man submarine. ]\Iore than 140 of her passengers and crew were drowned

LUSITANIA LEAVINU HER PIER AT NEW YORK

This magnificent Cunard liner was torpedoed by a German submarine, ten miles from Kinsale Head on the Irish coast, May 7, 1915. The ship sank in eighteen minutes. In this terrible wreck 1,150 people, among whom were 114
Americans, lost their lives. The wholesale slaughter of noncomhatants without warning or opportunity for escape, in defiance of international law and the precedents of war between civilized nations, aroused the deepest indignation

TORPEDO NET ON AN AUSTRIAN BATTLESHIP
This Austrian battleship in the Adriatic is protected from attack by Italian submarines by a torpedo
net designed to catch the torpedo before it strikes the ship, thus rendering its explosion ineffective

AMERICAN SUBMARINES EOR ENGLAND
The second five of ten American-designed submarines beside the Canadian Vickers plant near Montreal.
These submarines, about 160 feet long, crossed the ocean and went, it is reported, to the Dardanelles

ON GUARD DOR THE ALLIES
A sentry on lookout in a ruined chateau. Bags of sand piled
behind the walls aid in protecting him from bullets

SERVING A GUN ON AN ARMORED TRAIN
Where they have control of the railroads in Northern Erance, the Allies have made most effective use of armored trains.
Here are British soldiers firing a gun from a heavily armored car

GERMAN FIRST AID STATION IN POLAND

Each soldier carries a packet of haodages and other “first aid” supplies and is taught how to apply them. Sometimes a wounded man cares for his own injuries so skillfully that the bandages need not be removed until
he reaches a hospital. Here is shown a Polish farmhouse transformed into a temporary hospital where surgeons aided by soldiers attend to the injured, who will then go to one of the larger bases

CopvrighC, Bain Nuws Survicu

A GEU.vlAA lUi'LAXK

'I'lio merits of nioiioplanes and biplanes for actual warfare are receiving;- thoronph trial. One linsi'e machine
is a trii)laiu'. The (hmaiiid is that ac'roplancs of al! t.'.’pt's he laritt'r and stroiift'er

A SPEEDY EllEXGII MONOPLAXE
A small machine that looks like a flying- fish. The aviator has just taken his place, machine gun ready in
front and bombs ]iacked around him. for a flight over the Cferman positions

EXCJIAXGE OE CKIPPLED PEISOXERS AT TORXEA, SWEDEX

Bv a special agreement between Germany and Eussia. hoi)elessly crippled prisoners may be exchanged and sent to their homes. The men are sent to Tornea. on the. Gulf of Bothnia, where the Swedish people
generously care for them in hospitals until exchanged. The men in the photogTaph are Russians, who will i-eniam under the care of the Swedes until the Germans for whom they are to be exchanged arrive

A'N' ITALTA:N' ^rOA^OPLANE
There have been many air raids on the Austro-Italian front. Hero Italian aviators are taking
preparatory to a reconnaissance of Austrian positions and a possible raid

bombs aboard

Courtesy of Christmas Aeroplane Co.

AN AMERICAN SCOUT AEROPRANE
This American manufacturer is also making- exceptionally large aeroplanes to meet the demands of the Allies
for machines capable of long flights and carrying a great (paantity of explosives

THE ORDERLY RUSSIAN RETREAT FROM WARSAW

Tie victorious Teutonic drive which accomplished the occupation of Wareaw and a great area of Eussian Poland failed to lessen materially Eussian resources in men. The surrender of a position or the cutting
of railway lines was in each case foreseen, and the main bodj^ of the Eussians withdrew. A railway line completed to a northern port freer than Archangel from ice makes war supplies available during the winter

A MIjSE explosion

Explosion in a mined trench on the western front
■ — often the preliminary to an attack on the line

TKACTOK EOR TEANSPOKTIXG BRITISH GUNS

An English device for transporting heavy cannon on the western front. Like France and Germany with their munitions works, Great Britain is organizing
her great and varied factories to supply the vast quantities of war material needed by the Allied armies

A GERMAN NAVAL MINE
A German naval mine of modern type, washed
up on the coast of England without exploding

A RUSSIAN ARMORED OAR IN POLAND
An armored car used by the Russians for patrol service on the frontier of Poland. Armored
cars are an important part of military equipment, but are often sighted by aeroplanes

ITALIAN SEARCHLIGHT
Sailors operating a giant searchlight on the
Italian battleship Amalfi in the Adriatic Sea

RANGE EIETDER, OR TELEMETER
The instrument by means of which the coR
rect range is determined for the heavy guns

HUKLING A HAND GRENADE PROM A TRENCH
111 some parts of the great western battle front, the trenches of the opposing armies are so close tliat
hand grenades prove effective weapons. They are also used by raiding automobiles

A COLLAPSIBLE BICYCLE
The folding bicycle is part of the equip-
ment of certain corps of British infantry

A CAPTURED RUSSIAN CANNON
A gun found mounted on trucks and ready for transportation by rail when the
Teutonic force.s entered Novo Georgievsk

A BENZINE LOCOMOTIVE FOR RAILROAD OR ROAD
An Austrian device for transportation of supplies where the railroad is not available is this small locomotive. The
engine and trucks are both equipped with wheels that will run on either rails or ordinary roads

CaiivdKht, Uiiderwoiid & UndurwooU

SOLDIEKS KILLED IN A BAEBED-WIKE ENTANGLEMENT

The dangers of storming an enemy’s position are vastly increased by such
defenses. These are bodies of men who were killed during an infantry charge

Cnpyrighl, Umiei wood it Underwood

HEKOES OF THE .RUSSIAN REAR GUARD

Russian dead in a shallow trench occupied by soldiers of the rear guard during the retreat in Poland. These are
the bodies of men who remained in an inadequately protected position to the last, enabling their comrade/^ to get away

AFTER A HOUSE-TO-HOUSE BATTLE IN CFIAMPAGNE
Collecting the wounded from the shattered houses of a French village occupied by French troops after one of the
sharp engagements of their drive in Champagne. In some disputed positions the fighting was often at close quarters

A GEKMAN TKAE'SPOKT COLUMAT PASSmO THPOUGH A TOWA" DESTROYED BY EIRE
This Russian towii^ saw hard fighting in the German advance in Russian Poland and was finally burned on the retreat of the Russians. A German transport column is seen advancing through the ruins in
the wake of the victorious German forces. When the war finally ends, the men of Europe will at least have work enough to do in building up ruined farmhouses, bridges, churches, villages and cities

I'TIE EREHOH ARMY lY REVIEW

A magificent body of soldiers whose discipline and spirit make them seem invincible. King George of England, President Poincare of France, and General Joffre are shown reviewing the troops, October 25,

1915. Later during this visit to the front, October 28, King George sustained serious injuries in a fall from bis horse while inspecting British troops

ERENOII ARTILLERY IX THE BATTLE OF CHAilPAGXE

Late in September, the French in Champagne, along the lines between Rheims and Verdun, and the English in Artois, on the mnch-fouglit-over lines between Ypres and Aijas began a heavy bombarebnent of
the German lines which lasted for several days. This was followed by an important offensive movement in which many German ])risoners and guns were taken, and important positions occupied by t e .

fiR

A BRITISH LOOKOUT IN THE EAST
A marine observer stationed on a roof to watch for native boats
that may be attempting to cross to tl:ie coast of Asia Minor

A RUINED EORT AT THE DARDANELLES

Months of bombardment by the Allied fleets have not served to force the Dardanelles and open the route to the coveted city of Constantinople,
though the crumbling walls of forts and dismounted guns testify to the deadly fire from the British and Erench battleships

BRITISH ARTILLERY AT GALLIPOLI

British guns stationed on the crest of Cape Plelles, Gallipoli, bombarding the Turkish positions on the other side of the channel. The soldiers are
adapting their uniforms to the heat and the dust of the country. The nearest gun has the unwarlike name of ‘‘Annie” chalked along the side

ENGLISI-I SOLDIERS WITH A MACHINE GUN
A distinctive feature of the equipment of troops in this
war is the great number of machine guns in use

LANCASHIRE LANDING AND HARBOR AT THE DARDANELLES

To facilitate the disembarking of troops on the Gallipoli peninsula, where natural landings were few and exceedingly difficult, the Allies made an artificial harbor at a point where the seas were often heavy.
In constructing the harbor they made use of old ships, partly sunken — a device which proved effective. A British torpedo-boat destroyer is at anchor in the harbor

lifting a wounded FRENCH SAILOR

French sailors are taking a wounded man to the hospital ward of the French cruiser Jaureguiherrij,
in service at the Dardanelles. The device used is excellent either for lifting the patient aboard or

wheeling him about

Copyi'it'lit, Feature I’lioto. Serv

LOWKUING A WOUA^DED AUSTKIAAT SOCEIEK
Care of the wounded in tlie mountain country on the Austro-Italian border is beset with difficulties.
Here Austrian soldiers are lowering a wounded comrade down the rocky mountainside, so that he may

find aid from comrades below

KUSSIAX llEEUGEES ON THE WAY HOME

As the retreating Kussian army and the pursuing Teutons swept over the countryside of Russian Poland, leaving ruined villages in their wake, the country people gathered their belongings and fled for safety.

With the comparative security that followed the Teutonic occupation, many families returned to their homes and their ordinary occupations

WOUiS^DED PETSOiXER AIDED BY A EREXCH OEFICER

After battle, a wounded German soldier has taken refuge in a farmyard, not far from tlie French lines. Here a French officer has come to his aid and is bandaging his wounds. The farmer's family take
the same kindly and concerned interest that might actuate them were this a chance accident to a stranger and not wdthin sound of the artillery of two armies

, Feature riioto. Service

UXDEEMKIXG THE E:^EiLY

Entrance to passages for placing mines under important points in the enemy’s trenches.
In the confusion which usually follows a severe explosion such positions may be taken

GEHMAN MILITAKY SUPPLIES AT BELGRADE
With the occupation of Serbia the Teutons gained the Orient Railway leading to Constan-
tinople. A quantity of German militai’y supplies was waiting for shipment at Belgrade

I’lioto. by Kobei t K. AlcC.irniick. Cojivrijjhc, Chicago Tribtmc

WOKK OF AN AUSTRIAN SIEGE GUN

Tlie great hole made by the explosion of one of the
30.5-centimeter shells from an Austrian Skoda gun

AN OBSERVER’S STATION
Just a hole in the earth into which he may creep
again for shelter when his position is discovered

COLLECTING WASTE METAL FOR MILITARY USES
The importance of conserving the supply of useful metals, particularly copper, for militarj' needs has been
recognized in Germany since the war began. Here waste metal is being collected and assorted by soldiers

A BARRIER OF SPIKES

It would be difficult for an enemy to advance over
this ground in which spihes have been set

■ip.vriglu, Press 111. >.

A EOKEST ENTANGLEMENT
This growth of young trees by the use of barbed wire
has been rendered almost impregnable to advance

iiiiif it'l*.**'"*'*

jVin

Sib

■ right, Underwood A Uiidei

SPOILS OF WAR FROM CAPTURED TRENCHES

From German trenches captured by the French in Champagne, in October, 1915, the French soldiers are assorting
spoils — hand grenades, hand bombs, and iron cylinders full of oil to be thrown burning at the opposing trenches

Copynglic, American Piesa Association

PKEPAKING BAEBED-WIEE COILS

In this Erench second-line trench on a mountainside, soldiers are preparing and storing coils
of barhed wdre, which will be stretched during the night for protection of the Erench position

GUTTING BAEBED-WIEE ENTANGLEMENTS
Men of a German patrol preparing the way for the victorious advance of their troops by
clearing the barbed-wire entanglements that are part of the defenses of the enemy’s position

AKMENIAI^ KEEUGEES

Many refugees reached the coast and escaped
in native boats, escorted by a Erenoh battleship

;lit, Uiidei'wood & UiiUei'Woo<l

AUSTKALIAN TEOOPS PASSING THKOUGH SYDNEY, AUSTEALIA

Australia has an excellent system of compulsory military training, and, like Canada, she came loyally to the support of the British Empire during the war.
Here are the volunteers from New South Wales passing through IMartin Place, Sydney, on their way to the transports that are to take them to Gallipoli

Ckjpj'right, American Press Associai

A LAKGE ITALIAN NORTAR
Heavy Italian artillery must be mounted in difficult positions. Italian soldiers
are here pushing an 8.2-inch mortar into place for bombarding Austrian lines

ITALIAN BATTERY IN A PROTECTED POSITION
Italy made thorough preparation before joining in the war, ami nowhere has artillery hre been more heavy or more con-
tinuous than on the Austro-Jtalian front. This battery was photographed after more than eight hours of continuous firing

ITALIAN AETILLEKYMEN PULLING A GUN TO A VANTAGE POINT

All modes of transportation for artillery and supplies are used in this war — from locomotives and motor tractors to horses, slow-going oxen, camels, and, of course, men themselves. Moving- artillery in this
mountainous country is attended with much difficulty. This gun, mounted on caterpillar wheels is being pulled by the artillerymen themselves up a steep slope to a position commanding important approaches

A BUKSTmO SHELL— THE PHOTOGEAPHER’S LAST PICTURE
In a forest nearly destroyed by shell fire, a photographer had set his camera and was pressing the shutter bulb when he was instantly killed by a fragment oi sHell. This strange picture was found in the camera,

showing not only the battered trees and the smoke of the guns, but the scattered fragments of a shell and the photographer’s falling body

A ZEPPELIN OVEE LONDON AT NIGHT

A remarkable -Dhotograph taken at Hendon, a suburb of London, during- the destructive air raid in Octo-
ber, 1915. Military searchlights are playing on the great airship; shells from the Zeppelin defense
batteries are bursting belo-sv it — far short of their mark

ITALIAN BATTERIES AT NIGHTFALL
A battery of 149 mm. (about 6-inch) guns, ■ in the Isonzo district, continuing bombardment of the
Austrian lines at nightfall. The Italian forces are strong in artillery, and the Austro-Italian battle
grounds are among the most fiercely contested of the -war

Copjiigiu.

GERMAN ANTIATRCRAET GUNS MOUNTED ON TURNTABLES

Aviation has gained much from the severe tests of war. Each of the great nations fighting is developing planes of new types — larger, stronger, swifter, and capable of carrying a considerable weight of explosives.
With the development of aeroplanes has come a continual adaptation of guns for defense against them. These German guns are noteworth.y for the ease with which they can be swung to fire at any direction or elevation

Copyri^lii, I’ress Jllu.stiatiug L-o.

TUKKISH CAMPS AT GALLIPOLI

The skilled resistance of the Turks to the attacks of the Allies has proved one of the surprises of the war. ISlot only
have they saved the Dardanelles. Constantinople, and Bas'dad. but their troops threaten Eg'ypt and the Suez Canal

copyngiit. press illustrating Co.

BIUTISH INFANT.RY AWAITING COMMANDS

The youth of the personnel of an army is evident from this view of British soldiers in marchinp: equipment, awaitiiiJ^*
orders. It is the strong young men of Europe whose lives are sacrificed in this war whose real causes are so obscure

BRITISH SOUTM AFRICAN TROOPS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA
A cheering 'feature of the war to the British Empire has been the loyal and suc-
cessful support of South Africa against the colonies of Germany in Africa

FRENCH COLONIAL SOLDIERS AT MUDROS
Senegalese troops from the French possessions in Africa waiting at Mudros to
embark for Gallipoli — a war front where the loss of life has been severe

AN ATISTETAN FIELD WATCH ON THE TYEOLESE FEONTIEE

ITigh up in the mountains, hardy Austrian and Italian soldiers drag up cannon, roll down rocks, construct trenches and blow up mountain tops, in the strangest and most picturesque campaigns ever

fought. These Italian sentinels are dressed in white to make them inconspicuous among the perpetual snows where their shelters are built.

Copyri4'lit, Anierican I’l-ess Association

CUKTISS flying boat

This flj'ing boat was built for the Italian Government. On land and water, the forces of Europe depend upon flying

machines for scouting work

Copyiight, Uiiiiei'ttood i Ciiderwoua

EFFECTS OF GASES USED IN WAK

A surprise of the war was the use of poisonous gases by the Germans. Where the victims did not die in the trenches, the
after effects were most painful. The lungs were seriously injured and in manj' eases acute pneumonia developed

A MOVABLE TELEFHONE

Wherever the young men of this telephone corps stop is their telephone station.
The wires are run along the ground as the,v go

THE TKEES OF HURLUS FOREST

In the straggle for control of a ridge which commands Perthes,
desperate fighting took place in this wood. Only the stumps
of trees were left after the terrible artillery fire

A LARGE GERMAN GUN IN ACTION

A hard-working gun crew thrusting the shell into a 21-centimeter (about 8-ineh) mortar which has been brought up by the use of cater-
pillar wheels. Directions for range and firing are signaled from observation stations, or from aeroplanes. Hostile aeroplanes could easily

give the range of this uncovered gun to the enemy’s artillery

BULGARIAN CONVOY NEAR THE BORDER OE SERBIA

One of the most serious mistake? of the Allies was the belief that Bulgaria could be induced to join them. As the Germans and Austrians entered

Serbia from the north and west, Bulgarian troox^s swept over the country from the east

A GLIMPSE OF USKUB, SERBIA
The old city of Uskub, or Skopje, an important center
of the roads running north and south through Serbia

Photograph by Robert K. McCormick. Copyright, Chicago Tribune

A new AUSTRIAN TRENCH MADE UNDER HEAVY EIRE

This company of .Austrian soldiers left thoir well-made, bullet-proof trenches and advanced under hea^-y fire to a new firing- line, where they hastily constructed shallow trenches for protection. Behind the line
can be seen the bodies of men who fell while advancing-. The men have alread,y stretehed wire entanglements in front of their new line. The man standing is an officer

RETREAT OF THE SERBIAN ARMY

Orderly withdrawal of the Serbian forces, when invasion by Germans,
Austrians, and Bulgarians at once made further resistance futile

SERBIAN ADVANCE IN THE FACE OF BURSTING SHELL
Serbian soldiers advancing on Austrian position which -was sheltered by a wood were temporarily checked by bursting shell.
The charge ivas resumed and the troops were finally successful in driving the Austrians from their cover

KEFUGEES FLEEING TO GREECE BY TRAIN

Wherever the battle lines of the great war are drawn, families flee from their homes with such possessions as they can themselves carry. These refugees from Serbia are more fortunate than others, for they
can leave their war-swept country by tram. When the tide of war has receded, they will return like the refugees from Belgium and Poland to rebuild their homes and cultivate their lands again

A BETTISH moabtoe

One of the new British monitors in service off the coast of Belgium. It has one turret carrying- one
powerful lo-ineh gun of the type used on the Queen Elizahetlt

A TOEPEDO STEIKING A BEITISH STEAMEE
An unusual photograph showing- clearly the wake of the torpedo from the German snhmarine and its
exiffosion as it struck the ill-fated British steamer. The steamer sank after the explosion

Cupj I ijilitj American J'ress AssuciaiiMii

GUNS OU THE CANOPUS IxY ACTION

Twelve-inch guns on the British battleship Canopus replying
to the fire of the Turkish batteries at the Dardanelles

TEANSPOETING ENGLISH TKOOPS AT SUVLA BAY

English boats carrying troops to torpedo-boat destroyers, preparatory to a night attack on the coast of Suvla Bay, Gallipoli. Landings

on the coast of Gallipoli were most difficult

A COAST SEARCHLIGHT

On the coast of Elarders lighting’ up the British monitors and
patrol boats that approach within g’un range

CopyngiiL, Foaturu i'lioU). Sorvlcu

DUKAZZO 01^ THE ALBANIAN COAST

Through Serbia Bulgarians invaded Albania from the east and Austrians from the northeast. Durazzo and the Austria
port of Cattaro became imirortaut objectives, especially for the Austrian and Italian navies

FKENCH SUBAIAKINES AT AlUDKOS
French submarines in the harbor of Mudros. In the background is a French battleship and farther
distant a monitor armed with 14-ineh guns for attacking the coast

SUBMARINE CHASERS FOR RUSSIA

These small, high-powered motor boats shipped from New York are each equipped with a rapid-fire
gun for attacking submarines. These motor boats have a speed of more than thirty-five miles an hour

GRAVES AT GALLIPOLI

Cross-marked graves, where sokliers from England and
France and Australia and FTew Zealand are buried

Copyri{,'lit* American Press Association

THE EROEEH HILLS OE THE GALLIPOLI PEAHHSULA

lYlien the Allies landed trooi)s to aid in opening the way to Constantinople, they found the Peninsula well fortified against them. In December, 1915,
after months of fighting with severe losses, they withdrew from the Suvla Bay and Anzac coast

t-opyriijlit, Unilerwoodi Uiulerwouii

THE ITALIAX LIXER AXCOXA LEAVING NEW YORK

On November 9, 1915, the question of illegal warfare by submarines was reopened when the Italian liner Ancona, bound for New York, was sunk in the
JVIediterranean by an Austrian submarine. Among the passengers who perished were several American citizens

AN ENCA^iIPMENT OF TUEKISII AND AEABIAN OAilEL RIDEKS
With the failure of the Allied fleets to force the Dardanelles and the withdrawal of British and French troops from the Suvla Bay and Anzao regions of Gallipoli, large Turkish forces threatened the capture
of the Suez Canal and an invasion of Egypt. When troops advance in the desert country, well drivers are sent ahead, and stores of water transported to prepare for the encampments

TURKISH MILITARY HOSPITAL IK JERUSALEM
Sacred cities of Christians, Jews, and Mohammedans are in the theater of war. Jerusalem is
not a coast city, or it might suffer bombardment. It is easily in the field of aeroplane operations

(opyrighl, brown Brotho

A RED-CRESCENT CAilP IN THE DESERT
The Turks have imitated the Red Cross of the Christians in the organization of the Red Crescent for
the relief of the wounded. A Red-Crescent corps is enjoying their evening meal near their desert camp

C'jpirighi, Uudei wuoil & UuderwouU

BRITISH CYCLE CORPS NEAR THE GREEK BOEDER

A corps of bicycle dispatch bearers who set out from Salonica in a blinding snowstorm on learning that Bulgarian forces were already approaching the border of Greece. Even in sunny Greece, climate and
weather often hamper military operations. The port of Salonica was visited by a terrific storm, in which many small vessels, some of them belonging to the naval forces of the Allies, were washed ashore

AH ITALIAN SIGNALMAN

A peculiar but effective Italian method of signaling. Strips
of white linen form the letters of a special code alphabet

NEW GAS MASKS TESTED BY A VOLUNTEER SQUAD

Eor protection against clouds of poisonous gas, French and British soldiers are provided with masks. Here a group of men are coming
out of a French shelter trench, wearing new masks which they have just tested with gas. They show no symptoms of poisoning

Cupyi'iglic, aiudem Photo. Servico

illXE LAriXG UXDEK THE EHEMY’S LIHES
A Erench sapper at work, by the aid of electric lights, in the tunnel he has constructed under the
German lines. One danger he fears is countermining — that the enemy break through into his tunnel

BRITISIT TROOPS LANDING AT SALONICA
In the background are the city of Salonica and ships which brought Erench and British troops from
the Dardanelles. After withdrawal from Serbia, the Allies reenforced the army under General Sarrall

(-.opyriglit, Uiidei'woo<i <1: Uiiderwoi d

BKITISH VESSELS ON THE TIGKIS
After a figlit iu wliicli tlie BritisL advance was checked by the Turks, these soldiers are reemharking
on a British warship. The great British fleet controls the seas and aids in all campaigns near the coast

Illustrating Co.

WINTER UNIFORMS ON THE AUSTRIAN FRONTIER

The “ snow mantle ” uniforms with which German soldiers are equipped to render them nearly in-
visible when the ground is covered with snow. The white of the mantle blends with the landscape

■■ ■ ■

• COpyrtsbt, i'eaiure Plioto. Service

STOKING EXPLOSIVES IN A CAVE NEAR THE AISNE

In the valley of the river Aisne, along which the armies of the Allies and the Teutons have besieged each other since the autumn of 1914, there are many caves. Both armies have utilized these for shelters.

Here German soldiers, with customary thoroughness, are fitting out a large cave as a safe storehouse for explosives and other munitions

Copj I’lSJitj LiiderwooU 4; lJiicler\voo<i

BRITISH SOLDIERS OX THE XILE

It becomes evident that im])ortaiit battles may take place in Egypt and along the Suez Canal. These British soldiers on the
Nile are accustoming themselves to native means of transportation. On the bank is a squadron of Herts Teomanry

A GERMAN SHELTER TRENCH IN CENTRAL AFRICA
Officers, men, and guns irom the German raider Konigsherg, which was finally bottled up in the Rufiji River, German East
Africa, by English cruisers, aided in strengthening the German lines from Lake Tanganyika to Lake Nyassa

AN AUSTRIAN MOUNTAIN CORPS
The borderland between Austria and Italy needs soldiers who can perform
feats of mountaineering as well as fight

AN AUSTRIAN SIEGE GUN IN SERBIA

Austrian soldiers loading a

great mortar in the Serbian hill country after a snowfall. In spite of the many reports of the work of 42-centimeter Krupp guns in reducing the Belgian forts, the Teutonic armies have
depended largely in their sieges on the great Austrian 30.5 (12-inch) guns and smaller mortars made in the Austrian Skoda works

THE VICTORS IN A EIGHT ON LAKE TANGANYIKA, AEKICA

This great lake, lying in the mountain country of Central Africa, is bordered by German East Africa, the Belgian colony known as Congo Free State, and the British colony of Rhodesia. On December 26,
1915, two British motor boats fought a German river g’unboat on the lake and forced it to surrender. Commander Spicer-Stinson, having landed from one boat, is seen signaling to the other from the shore

BRITISH SOLDIERS SENT TO RELIEVE RUT-EL-AHARA

An open-air religions service attended by British soldiers in ilesopotamia, Tliese men are part of General Gorringe’s relief force, sent np the Tigris Valley to aid General Townshend's troops, beleaguered in
Knt-el-Ainara. The relief forces were defeated, and General Townshend was compelled to surrender, April 29, 1916. On Ee’ ruai-y 24, 1917, British troops recaptured Kut-el-Amara

A VIEW OF BAGDAD FBOiM TITE DEFT BANK OF 'IKTE TIGKIS

This famous Oriental city on the Tigris was once the center of Arabic learning, and from a distance its walls and towers and minarets present a striking appearance. It lies on the route to the Persian Gulf
desired by German and Bussian and Briton. A British expedition coming up the Tigris met with disaster. The city was finally captured by the British on March 11, 1917

TURKISH FLAGS CAPTURED AT ERZERUM A TURKISH GUN CAPTURED BY BRITISH INDIANS

Russian forces captured Erzerum, the capital of Turkish Armenia, on February 16, 1916, An 18-pounder Krupp field gun taken from the Turks by British Indians of the Indian

On April 18, in cooperation with the fleet, they captured the Black Sea port of Trebizond Expeditionary Force, who operated with other British forces in the campaign against Bagdad

Cupv rit'lii, Mijili-iii I’lioto Service

REENFORCEMENTS AND SUPPLIES FOE THE FRENCH TROOPS NEAR VERDUN

This military tramway is used exclusively for carrying soldiers and supplies to the French battle lines near Verdun, the scene of the most important conflict since the Battle of the Marne. The German attack
on the fortress began on February 21, 1916. Should the Germans succeed in breaking the French lines at this point and occupying the fortress, the road to Paris would be open again to the invaders

100

V'/vv'

Copj right, Medtjm Photo Service

A FKENCII MILITARY KITCIIEY MOT EAR EROM THE BATTLE ERONT

A trench arranged, not far behind the battle line, with the most effective equipment for safety and service in preparing food. The steel arches, concealed in the embankment, provide a shelter under which
the soldiers’ rations are prepared, even when shells are flying, with little danger to the cooks and without the likelihood of finding pieces of shrapnel or debris in the food

101

Drawn

by Gcorjtu Scott for L'lllustration

A ZEPPELIN SHOT DOWN IN EKANCE

A Ereiioh auto-cannon — a 15 mounted on an automobile — made t!ie remarkable
shot that destroyed this Zeppelin. The great airship burst into flames and fell

THE ZEPPELIN L-15 SINKING NEAR THE ENGLISH COAST
One of a division of five airships that raided English coast towns on March 31, 1916. The L-15 was shot down and
sank near the mouth of the Thames, without burning, and her crew was rescued by English boats

(g) Bain Newsservice

THE SUSSEX BEACHED AT BOULOGNE

On March 24, 1910, the channel passenger steamer Sussex, unarmed and carrying many Americans, was torpedoed by a
German submarine. Eifty people were killed. The steamer floated and landed the rest of her passengers at Boulogne, France

102

PaiLtiDg by Lieut. Buddeuberg, Copyright, Illustrirte Zeitung, Loipsic

A BATTLE IN THE AIK BETWEEN A GERMAN AND A EEENCIT BIPLANE

A German biplane — identified by its crosses — and a Erencb — marked with the circles that are the identification marks of the aeroplanes of the Allies — harm fought a duel in the air, and the German has won.
The French machine is afire and starting on its headlong rush to the ground. The picture is from a water color made by the German contestant. Lieutenant Wilhelm Buddenberg

103

GEBMAN OBSERVERS IR THE ARGONNE
A tree broken by a bursting shell affords an observation post
from which to watch the effect of shell fire from their artillery

Copyi

rht, Umierwood Jc Underwood.

TRERCIIES CAPTURED EROM THE FRENCH NEAR VERDUN

German officers in the Woevre district, which has been fiercely contested in the battle for Verdun, are inspecting the shattered trenches
which their troops have taken from the French. In the forest background one may distinguish the zigzag line of the intrenchments

104

GU-NNEKS WHO HAVE SIGHTED HOSTILE AIKCKAET

A German aeroplane has appeared over the British positions and the gunners are running to their antiaircraft guns. The war has caused wonderful
development in power and usefulness of aircraft, and it has also provided guns and equipment for destroying them

copy right, Irleruacloiial Film Service

TKENOHES AND ARTILLEKY AROUND TREBIZOND

Trenches and gun positions with which the Turks defended this Black Sea port. The city, taken by the Russians on April 18, 1916, would be an
important base for a campaigji against Constantinople. In July, 1916, the Russians captured Baiburt

A BOYAIT OR CONNECTING TRENCH
A Ereneh officer stationed at a post of observation in a
trench connecting with the first line near the Meuse

105

Ceuiral Kews Photo Service. Drawing by Haus Schmidt for tlluscrlrte Zeitung

GEKMAN TROOPS STORMING THE ROAD TO FORT VAUX
East of tlie Meuse, Fort Vaux is the key position on the great Verdun battle field. Prom the middle of March, 1916, the fighting centered hero. The position was finally^ taken and occupied by German
troops on June 6, 1916. The French offensive on the Verdun front began October 24, and on November 2, 1916, Fort Vaux was evacuated by the Germans and became again a part of the French defenses

106

EESCUING THE CEEW OF A irEKCHAHTMAN
One of the many cinanned vessels wliicli have gone down as victims of mines or torpedoes. The lower
deck is already under water, but lifeboats are talking* people from the upper deck

A GRAVE SOMEWHERE IN FRANCE

A shallow grave dug to receive the heaped up, ghastly remains of men who fell between the trenches
where their bodies could not be recovered. Such horrors are common on the fields of the Great War

A GREAT SHELL STRIKING A HOUSE IN VERDUN
One of Germany’s 380-millimeter shells striking the wall of a house in a street of the beleaguered city.
The wall is crumbling with the impact, but the giant shell has not yet exploded

107

Lemberg, capital and most important city of the Austrian crownland of Galicia. It is 468 miles from Vienna by rail and only 50 miles from the Russian border and is a center for the trunk lines to Odessa,
Czernowitz, Breslau, and Budapest. Russian troops occupied Lemberg from September 3, 1914, to June 22, 1915, when it was retaken by the Teutons. In the summer of 1916 it became tlie objective of the Russians

Copyriglit, Press Ulustratiug Co.

THE QUEEN MARY, BRITISH BATTLE CRUISER
This modern cruiser, a sister ship of the Lion and the Princess Royal and capable of a speed of 28y2
knots, went down in the great naval battle near Jutland, May 31, 1916

Cyp^riguc, feature Plioio iService

THE POMMEEN, GEKMAN BATTLESHIP
One of the German fighting ships lost in the naval battle of May 31, 1916. This vessel was of pre-
dreadnought type, but in the foggy air, such ships held their own against cruisers

108

SHELLS EURSTIHG ON GERMAN POSITIONS NEAR THE SOMME

On July 1, 1916, the armies of the Allies on the western front, the Erench led by General Eocih and the British by General Haig, began their long-postponed offensive. After preliminary artillery fire, the chief
attack was made on the great bend where the battle lines turn from west to north near the Somme. By the middle of the month, British troops occupied a considerable part of the German salient

Copyri,

THE MARLBOROUGH, BRITISH BATTLESHIP
A sister ship of the Beribow, Emperor of India, and Iron Duhe. This fine modern battleship proved
the value of heavy armor, for although struck by a toipedo, she was brought into port

Coi)\ right, Underwood & Uiidurwood

THE HAMPSHIRE, BRITISH CRUISER
On J une 5, 1916, the cruiser Hampshire in which Earl Kitchener, Great Britain’s famous Secretary for
War, had sailed on a special mission to Russia, went down near the Orkneys

109

MEUSE HEIGHTS UHDEK BOMBARDMENT

A hill bombarded in the Battle of Verdun. Shells hurst near
the top of the ridge and scatter branches and tree tops

DESTRUCTION OF A FOREST BY SHELL FIRE

This position on the hills overlooking- the ileuse is rendered untenable by the terrific rain of shells and bombs bursting over it, shattering and cutting

the trees almost to the ground and j)ulverizing the earth beneath them

PKENCII GUNS PxiSSING ON A KOAD IN TPIE VERDUN BATTLE FIELD

Fresh artillerymen and guns are coming nj) to take their places in the positions defending* Yerdim, and they pass on their way the artillerymen
whose mortars are to be repaired. In organized handling of troops and supplies the French are not surpassed by the G-ermans

110

AK ITALIAN GUN ON A MOUNTAIN TOP

A piece of Italian artillery that has been dragged to this elevated position by the strengUi of the men themselves. Here
in this picturesque mountain countiy, Italian and Austrian fight for tlie ]) 0 'SSession of the Trentino

llUlati';

A FIELD PETEST AXD A WOUNDED SOLDIER
AuiStriaii soldiers carrying a badly wounded comrade liave halted in order that he may re
priest. The new Austrian offensive began May 15, 1916. By June 12 the Italians wi

111

uopyrljjlit, iMedem Photo Servi

A CHURCH FIELD HOSPITAL

One of the many beautiful French churches close to the battle fronts. This
one is being utilized as a first-aid field hospital

TKE VILLAGE OE VAUX AETEK BOVBAKDMEXT
Eort Vaiix is the key j)osition on the eastern side of Verdun. Erom about the middle of -March. 191(1. it
became the objective for attacks, and finally fell to the Germans

tlioto by 1-otiis Beaiifruiv

FREXCI-J POXTOOX BRIDGES ACROSS THE MEUSE
On the western side of the River Meuse the key positions are believed to be Le Mort ITomme and
Hill 804. Troops and supplies are constantl 5 " crossing’ the river

THE CITY OE VERDUX FROM THE CANAL

The old fortress town of Verdun — famous since the days of the Roman Empire. ITere the division between the modern France and Germany was made in 843, and the city has been a storm center in all
French and German history. It ■was taken by the Prussians in 1810. On February 21, 1916, the Germans began their Verdnn campaign, and the battles for the fortress continued unabated when the Allies
began their drive on the Somme in July. The defenders of Verdun have depended on intrenchments and infantry— not on the once impregnable fortifications

112

CopjnsJii, DuaerwooU iK Underwood

THE DEUTSCHLAKD, SUBMARINE MERCHANTMAN
On July 9, 1916, Captain Paul Koenig brouglit the Deutschland ' — first submarine merchantman to
cross the ocean — to Baltimore, where she discharged a cargo of dyes, and took on nickel and rubber

ZEPPELIN BOMBS AND A ZEPPELIN’S FRAMEWORK
The framework of a Zeppelin brought down in the Vardar marshes near Saloniki has been recon-
structed and placed oir exhibition. In the foreground is a group of Zeppelin bombs found with the wreck

113

BEmamo up the 'ts’s in the eighttng on the somme

No mechanism of war has won more just fame than the Erench field g'uns known as YS’s, the invention of Colonel Deport. Here the Erench gunners are racing to new lines in their advance on the

Somme front, dragging the guns out of the trenches and over rough country to protect the new position their comrades are holding

114

Copyriglic, UuderwooU * Umiui

A BKITISH TANK, OK ARMOEED OAK WITH CATERPILLAR TRUCKS
“Tanks,” used by the British in the Battle of the Somme, cross trenches, batter down walls and are injured
only by heavy shells. This car, however, has been disabled

A CLOU!) OF LIQUID FIRE, AS USED ON THE BATTLE FRONT
A liquid, discharged from an apparatus resembling a fire extinguisher, bursts into flame with dense smoke.
Contact with the. burning liquid produces painful wounds.

FRENCH SOLDIERS GOING INTO A CURTAIN OF FIRE

When an important position would be endangered by any advance of the enemy, the approaches may be subjected to a continuous rain of shells, making it unlikely that troops can pass. Here French

soldiers are attempting to change position in the face of such danger, knowing it is unlikely they will ever pass through.

115

Copyrigbc, Americau Press Association

THE SECOND ANNIVERSAKT OF THE .AIAENE
A service in the cathedral at Meanx on the battle field of the Marne. The French believe that the Battle
of the Marne, September 5 to 12, 1914, is the decisive victory of the war

Aopyngni, Press Illustrating >^o.

THE CHURCH OF SAILLT IN NOVEMBER, 1916
Arches that remain standing- after the walls have been ground to dust and the earth beneath literally
ploughed over and over by shells. Sailly was retaken by the Ereneh on November 11, 1916

Cupyrigbt, i'ress illustrating Co.

SOLDIERS’ MEMORIAL ON ALL SAINTS’ DAY
At Bagneux, French veterans of the War of 1810 are decorating the monuments of soldiers who have
died in the Great War. The festival of All Saints. November 1, is observed as a “Memorial Day”

116

Copv right, Liiil rwouii i (Judarwui^d

A FARMER’S WELCOME TO THE DRAGOONS

This dragoon patrol is entering a farmyard in the Artois to water their horses; the farmer and his wife receive the soldiers with a hearty greeting and an invitation to “make yourselves at home.” The
old farmer himself served in a dragoon patrol forty years ago and considers the troopers as comrades. The officer in command courteously returns his host’s salute.

117

PLATFOEIVI AND MECHANISM OE A WELL-PLACED MOKTAH

This gun is protected by entrenchments with walls of woven branches. It has a substantial and elaborate mechanism for bringing up shells, elevating, pointing, loading, and firing with the least possible

waste of effort. At this angle of elevation it is ready for indirect firing over the ridge in front of it.

118

ETJSSIAN AKTILLEEY AND OAVALEY IN THE GAEPATIIIANS

The great Eussian offensive began on June 4, 1916. By August 18 they had oeoupied all of the crownland of Bukovfina, and forces under General Letohinsky were entering the passes of the Car
pathians. In beptember and October Kussian armies were making vigorous attacks on the troops that defended the road to Lemberg. They were, however, held in check by the Teuton forces.

119

A VIEW OE THIEPYAL, CAPTURED BY THE BRITISH
In the drive of the Allies on the Somme, Thiep%'al and Gueudecourt were captured by the British on September 26, 1910. Like many tomis that have been in the line of such terrific bombardment, Thiep-
val is now a picture of desolation. This view was made from what was formerly a Gemian trench. It was in this advance in September that the famous British “tanks” did such deadly work

Copv;ight. I'acli Photo Newr,, mo.

A SHELL BURSTIHG ON AN ITALIAN INTRENCHMENT
In a partially completed mountain trench, the men are crouching to avoid the
shrapnel and debris scattered by shell. Their rifles are on the upper parapet

A MACIIIXE-GUN DETACHMENT NEAR MONASTIR

The advance of General Sarralhs troops in the Balkans resnlted in the occupation of Monastir, late in November, 1916.
The capture is important as roads to Salonica, Durazzo, Adrianople and Nish cross at Monastir, 85 miles from Salonica

120

ARMORED CARS ON THE BRITISH INDIAN ERONTIER

Besides her armies in Europe and Africa, Great Britain must maintain forces to g'uard her Asiatic possessions. These
ears are returning from a reconnaissance in tlie Northwest Erontier Province, wliieli lies near the border of Afghanistan

C’opyngdt, Underwood & Underwood

LINES AFTEK VICTOEY OVEE THE BULGAEIANS
A view of shelters captured from Bulgarian troops in Serbia. The entrances are covered over with stores. The Allied
offensive in Macedonia was renewed about the middle of September, 1916, and continued during the autumn months.

121

RUSSIANS INTRENCHED IN GALICIA
Russian soldiers have rebuilt and reorganized a trench after capturing it from
the Teutons in Galicia. In forested sections, branches are used for concealment

THE DEUTSCHLAND’S KETUEN TO BEEMEEHAVEN
The first submarine merchantman reached Germany in safety, came to America again in November,
1916, and completed her return voyage in December. In an accident, she rammed an American tug

ITALIAN SOLDIERS GROSSING A STREAM UNDER EIRE

In open formation, the infanti'ymen crouch low and make all possible haste across this mountain stream,
for Austrian sharpshooters are firing on them from above

THE U-oS, GERMAN WAR SUBMARINE
On October 1, 1916^ a German war submarine called at Newport, R. I. The next day she sank six mer-
chant steamships near the island of Nantucket, off the coast of Massachusetts. The crews were rescued

copyHght,vnderwood^t;nde™^^^^^^ OEFICEES AND PEASANTS WATCHING BOMBAEDMENT

Peasants in their quaint costumes group behind the officem watching the effects of Austrian shells. In
these war-swept countries, people have long been accustomed to shell-fire

122

THE DIANE, A NEW EKENOH SUBMARINE
The Diane is of a new type embodying- Ei-ench ideas of construction. Like the other countries at war,
France is continuing the development of her navy with all possible speed

A CANADIAN TRENCH ON THE WESTERN FRONT

In expectation of an attack, these infanti-ymen have taken their places in a first-line trench, while one
of their number takes a view of the field through a trench periscope

Copyrignt, UiKlcrwuod <fe Uuclurwood

THE GREAT OCEAN LINER BRITANNIC

This magnificent steamship, having a tonnage of 48,158, was in service as a hospital ship in the Mediter-
ranean. She was sunk, probably by a mine, on Nov. 22, 1916

A BOMB BURSTING OVER A BRITISH TRENCH
Sometimes bombs explode vei-y close to the men, without any serious damage resulting. In this view
the bombing was evidently unexpected, yet only one of the group seems startled by the explosion

123

Copyrlgbtj Amei'icaii Press Association

OIL WELLS FIRED IN THE RUMANIAN RETREAT

As the Rumanian armies withdrew they destroyed large supplies
of petroleum, a valuable prize for Von Maekenen’s soldiers

al News Photo acrv

HOISTING

THE SHELL FOR A GIANT GUN
British soldiers raising- one of the huge shells required by their i
guns on the Somme into position for loading

neat

Cop^ri^ht, I'aul Thompson

CONVEYING WOUNDED IN THE VOSGES
A simple arrangement for oari-ying a badly wounded man to the hos-
pital. The surgeon occupies the extra seat in the rear

FIRST AID TO RUSSIAN WOUNDED IN THE CARPATHIAN DRIVE
Just bohind the little group that is attending the wounded is the field priest waiting to be called. The rude coffin at the extreme left shows that the
Russians have been bringing up not only their wounded for treatment, but as far as possible the dead for burial

124

THE EAilOUS CZERXAVODA BRIDGE OYER THE DANUBE GUNS IN A CAPTURED RUMANIAN FORTRESS

The Bridgehead of Czernavoda, in the Dobrudja, is one of the most important strategic points in Rumania. The town

fell before Von Mackensen’s assaults on October 25, 191 (1

Von Ealkenhayn’s forces invaded Rumania from the west, and on November
21, 1916, captured the important railway center of Craiova

ANZAC ARTILLERY IN THE BATTLE OF THE SOMME

Anzac troops (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) hold a part of the British lines in France as well as in the Balkans. In this view they have placed a large gun in position and are beginning
the prolonged artillery fire that usually precedes an attempt to advance their lines. When this ceases, the infantry will cross ground and trenches entirely pulverized by the rain of shells

125

TRENCHES OF COMBEES, CAPTURED BY THE FRENCH

Combles, one of the most important objectires of the French in the drive on the Somme, was captured September 26, 1916. This view shows a German trench entirely pulverized and disorganized, with

bodies and weapons lying among the debris. The helmet left on a post is of the latest type in use by the Germans

126

'(Q Aiuei'icau Press Associuciou

CANADIANS WITH MOBILE GUNS

The winter of 1916-1911 was most severe on the Western Front, yet guns and ammunition were ceaselessly nnnle ready for the Allied
Offensive, which began early in February, 1911, on the Aiiere River, with Bapaume as its first objective

riioco Dj' jjijci.sii alia coidiiiai Press, Toronto

VOTING ON THE BATTLE FRONT
British Columbians, in northern France, ar’e casting' their ballots
for the elections at home

niisii aiiu (^oioiiiai rross, loronto

COLLECTING KIT AFTER BATTLE
Canadians going over a conquered battlefield to salvage whatever
may be of value in abandoned weapons or outfit

Photo bv Rritii-h ami Colonial Pi'oss, 'I'oronio

CAA^ADIAN SOLDIERS WITH SHELLS FOE THE BIG GUHS

On April 10, 191T, Canadian troops captured the long-coveted vantage- ground on Vimy Eddge, commanding Lens. FigLtin^’ in their
ranks, a Texan fastened the Stars and Stripes to his bayonet and was first to carry the American fiag into a battle of the Great War

127

A SUBMAEINE CHASEE

The United States is building' great numbers of these small, speedy
boats, armed with 3-iuch or 4-ineh g'uiis

A ELOTILLA OF U. S. DESTEOYEES

The torpedo boat destroyer, with high speed and shallow draft, is the most effective enemy of the submarine, which its guns destroy or
drive below the surface. A flotilla of destr05'ers can produce a smoke screen to hide the slow-moving- dreadnoughts from the enemy

A PAET OF THE AYEEICAN BATTLE FLEET

The enti-y of the United States into the war adds her powerful fleet to the navies of the Allies and strengthens their power on the sea. Even though no great battle of dreadnoughts should be fought, the Atlantic
Squadron, commanded by Admiral Mayo, must keep the sea lanes open, convoy troops, provide for the safety of the merchant ships with which our Allies are to be fed, and protect the American coast from raiders

128

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Full text of "Collier's photographic history of the European War. Including sketches and drawings made on the battle field"

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